High-resolution 3-D multi-component seismics for an improved structural, facial, and process-related characterisation of glacially overdeepened valleys and basins in the Alps

整合高分辨率三维（3-D）和多分量地震，以改进过深山谷和盆地的结构、面和过程相关特征，确定了该项目的主要目标和科学技术方法。在世界范围内以前的冰川地区都有过深的构造。它们对人类生活和研究的应用和基础方面都有重要影响。高度热门的问题是地下水勘探，地质灾害潜在（场地影响，群众运动）和地质工程（核废料储存库，隧道）。过深构造中的沉积物也提供了关于过去冰川作用时间和程度的重要信息。这些方面需要对沉积物填充和山谷成因有深刻的了解，ICDP倡议钻探超深阿尔卑斯山谷（DOVE）在欧洲阿尔卑斯山的关键位置进行钻孔取芯。为了创建地质深度模型构建的示范和可转移的地震工作流程，将在Tannwald（德国）和Lienz盆地（奥地利）进行系统的反射地震研究，这两个盆地将代表高山前陆和内高山地区的过深构造。方法学工作将特别有助于改进山谷形状的绘图，对沉积填充物进行更详细和基于相的解释，解释冰川构造特征，以及对过深山谷发育及其最近后果的时空过程的理解。先进的测量设计可以获得全面的岩石物理参数集，以支持地质解释，最重要的是，它不仅限于井眼内的一维信息，而且具有空间范围。经典p波地震的局限性将被一种创新的综合现场采集和处理方案所克服，该方案利用了为勘探近地表结构而设计的新震源的开发，巩固了s波反射地震的经验，以及多分量地震提供的新机会。在这里，我们建议使用P波和s波源进行连续地震调查，另一方面结合3分量（3-C）接收器。因此，所谓的9-C测量最终成为可能，在2-D剖面和3-D剖面上协调一致。这将首次满足在（近地表）复杂性、小岩石物理对比和各向异性方面对过深结构成像的挑战性要求。伴随的地震建模将有助于更深入地了解所获得的反射的性质，并将提供对波场特征的洞察，以更好地了解过深结构的地球物理特性。一个局部的，目标导向的多分量三维测量，聚焦于波在浅层结构中的传播效应，将完成这个系统的研究。

The integration of high-resolution three-dimensional (3-D) and multi-component seismics for an improved structural, facial, and process-related characterization of overdeepened valleys and basins defines the principal aim and scientific-technical approach of this project. Overdeepened structures are known from formerly glaciated areas worldwide. They have important impact on both applied and basic aspects of human life and research. Highly topical issues are groundwater exploration, geohazard potential (site effects, mass movements), and geo-engineering (nuclear waste repositories, tunnelling). The sediments in overdeepened structures also provide important information about timing and extent of past glaciations. These aspects require a profound knowledge of the sediment fill and valley genesis, tackled by the ICDP initiative Drilling Overdeepened Alpine Valleys (DOVE) with boreholes to be cored at key locations in the European Alps. To create an exemplary and transferable seismic workflow for geological depth model building, a systematic reflection seismic research study will be performed in the Tannwald (Germany) and Lienz Basins (Austria) which will be representative of overdeepened structures in the Alpine foreland and the inner-Alpine area. The methodological work will especially contribute to an improved mapping of the valley shapes, a more detailed and facies-based interpretation of the sedimentary infill, the interpretation of glaciotectonic features, and the spatial and temporal process understanding of overdeepened valley development and its recent consequences. Advanced survey designs allow to derive comprehensive petrophysical parameter sets to support geological interpretation, and most importantly, not restricted to 1-D information in a borehole but with spatial extent. The limitations of classical P-wave seismics will be overcome by an innovative and combined field-acquisition and processing scheme that makes use of the development of new seismic sources designed for the exploration of near-surface structures, consolidated experience with S-wave reflection seismics, and new opportunities provided by multi-component seismics. Here, we suggest consecutive seismic surveys that use P- and S-wave sources on the one hand, combined with 3-component (3-C) receivers on the other hand. Thereby, so-called 9-C surveying is finally possible, concerted on 2-D profiles and in 3-D. This will satisfy, for the first time, the challenging demands of imaging overdeepened structures in terms of (near-surface) complexity, small rock physical contrasts, and anisotropy. Accompanying seismic modelling will contribute a deeper understanding of the nature of reflections gained and will provide insight into the wavefields characteristics to better understand the geophysical properties of overdeepened structures. A local, target-oriented multi-component 3-D survey focusing on wave-propagation effects in shallow structures will complete this systematic study.