Permissions, Information and Institutional Dynamics, Obligations, and Rights

行使我的权利，或者做我被允许做的事情，可能会给他人带来义务。合同法和国际法就是例子。当债权人行使其要求付款的权利时，债务人有义务遵守。自由贸易协定规定其签署国有义务不通过保护主义法规。类似的现象也适用于源于道德或理性的许可。其他人不应该侵犯我个人的尊严权。在谈判中，一方提出允许的要约，可能会使另一方承担接受要约的（理性）义务，那么，许可和权利究竟在什么时候产生义务呢？这些例子是否有一个共同的一般结构？这些义务如何在有关各方之间分配，无论是个人还是机构行为者？所产生的义务是严格的，还是可以被推翻，即使它们来自不可剥夺的权利？这些是关于义务、许可和权利的动态和社会或多代理方面的基本问题。道义逻辑，即对义务和许可的逻辑研究，长期以来一直关注许可与义务之间的关系。然而，这种关系通常被理解为相反的。义务意味着许可，或者许可限制进一步义务的颁布。然而，权利和许可义务的动态生成却相对较少受到关注。该项目将填补这一空白，侧重于许可和权利产生的义务的三个基本方面。首先，我们将研究明确的许可如何产生义务的动态，并将其与许可较弱的情况进行比较，即仅仅没有禁止。第二，我们将考虑高级法律的权威机构颁发的许可和权利如何对它的成员产生义务，特别是在复杂的组织中。最后，我们将研究源于许可的义务的可撤销性。由权利和许可产生的义务是德国和波兰法律的核心，这些将为本项目的分析提供主要数据来源。

Exercising my rights, or doing what I am permitted to, can generate obligations for others. Contract law and international law provide examples. Debtors are obligated to comply when their creditors exercise their right to request payment. Free-trade agreements place their signatories under the obligation not to pass protectionist regulations. A similar phenomenon holds for permissions stemming from morality or rationality. Others ought not infringe my individual right to dignity. In negotiation, one party making a permissible offer might put the other under the (rational) obligation to accept it. When exactly, then, do permissions and rights generate obligations? Is there a general structure common to these examples? How are such obligations distributed between the parties involved, be they individual or institutional actors? Are the generated obligations strict or could they be overridden, even when they stem from inalienable rights? These are fundamental questions regarding the dynamic and social or multi-agent aspects of obligations, permissions and rights. Deontic logic, viz. the logical study of obligations and permissions, has long been concerned with the relation between permissions and obligations. Usually, however, the relation is understood the other way around. Obligations imply permissions, or permissions constrain the promulgation of further obligations. However, the dynamic generation of obligations by rights and permissions has received comparatively little attention. The project will fill this gap by focusing on three essential aspects of obligations generated from permissions and rights. First, we will study how explicit permissions generate a dynamics of obligations, and compare it to case where permissions are weak, i.e. the mere absence of prohibitions. Second, we will consider how permissions and rights issued by high-level legal authority generate obligations on its constituents, especially in complex organizations. Finally, we will study the defeasible character of obligations stemming from permissions. Obligations generated from rights and permissions are central to German and Polish law, and these will provide the main sources of data for the analysis in this project.