Evidentiality, epistemic modality, and speaker attitude in Ladakhi - Modality and the interface for semantics, pragmatics, and grammar

拉达克语是一种藏语，在北印度(查谟和克什米尔)使用。它由两个主要的方言群组成，在语法上有很大的差异。就侦查对象而言，它们表现出相似的原则，但在细节上有很大不同。藏缅语和其他几种藏缅语有一种特殊的助动词证据标记系统，在跨语言讨论中没有充分考虑到这一点，很可能是因为它还没有得到充分的分析。在跨语言方面，人们区分知识的直接来源和间接来源。前者包括对他人情况的直接或直接观察。有关此域的语句自动具有较高的真值。关于自己行为的参与性知识或自我意识通常不被考虑在内。间接知识包括传闻和推论。两者都可能，但不一定，都伴随着真实价值下降的内涵。然而，在藏语中，主要的对立是说话者可以用权威断言的情况和仅仅观察到的情况之间的对立，对于这种情况，说话者不能、不想要或不被允许承担权威。该系统高度灵活，辅助词的选择受到务实的限制。该项目的目的是在对所有方言地区尽可能多的方言进行定性调查的基础上，充分描述拉达克方言中使用的复杂的证据和最广泛意义上的认知标记的语法系统。该项目将有助于情态领域中的语义、语用和语法界面的研究。这将导致对证据性和认知性情态的更精确的区分，并将进一步确立说话人的态度(或立场)作为对陈述的独立视角或侧写。这将有助于更好地理解作为语法范畴的证据性和说话人态度，以及更好地理解证据和态度策略，即情态动词和助词的第二用法。与此同时，该项目的目标是记录一种长期濒危的、迄今尚未得到充分研究的语言。

Ladakhi is a Tibetic language, spoken in North India (Jammu & Kashmir). It consists of two major dialect groups, which differ considerably in their grammar. With respect to the object ofinvestigation, they show similar principles, but differ substantially in details. The Tibetic languages and a few other Tibeto-Burman languages have a particular system of evidential marking through auxiliary verbs, which is not fully taken into account in the crosslinguisticdiscussion, most probably, because it is not yet fully analysed. Crosslinguistically, one discriminates between direct and indirect sources of knowledge. The former consist of the immediate or direct observation of situations of others. Statements concerning this domain automatically have a high truthvalue. Participatory Knowledge or self-awareness with respect to one's own actions is usually not accounted for. Indirect knowledge consists of hearsay and inferences. Both may, but need not, go along with connotations of a decreased truthvalue. In the Tibetic languages, however, the main opposition is between situations the speaker can assert with authority and merely observed situations, for which the speaker cannot, does not want to, or is not allowed to assume authority. The system is highly flexible, and the choice of auxiliaries is pragmatically conditioned. The Project aims at the adequate description of the complex grammatical System of evidential and in the widest sense epistemic markers used in the Ladakhi dialects on the base of a qualitative investigation of as many dialects as possible from all dialect regions. The project will contribute to research into the semantic, pragmatic, and grammatical interface in the domain of modality. It will lead to a more precise Differentiation between evidentiality and epistemic modality, and will further establish speaker attitude (or stance) as an independent perspectivisation or profiling of statements. It will thus contribute to a better understanding of evidentiality and speaker attitude as grammatical categories as well as a better understanding of evidential and attitudinal strategies, that is, secondary usages of modal verbs and particles. At the same time, the project aims at the documentation of a, in the long run, endangered and until now not yet well-studied language.