Updating Risk: Mindsets, Post-decisional Defensiveness, and Dynamic Updating Processes in Risk Perception and Risk Taking

P6项目的目的是分析目标追求与主观风险感知之间的动态相互作用，以及这种相互作用对冒险行为的后续影响。根据行动阶段的心态理论（Gollwitzer, 1990, 2012），我们想要诱导审议和执行心态。根据风险感知的准备-暴露-应对-周期（PEC）模型，我们假设个体的准备程度取决于诱导的心态。此外，我们提出决策后防御对相关风险信息的考虑和整合（应对）以及各自的冒险行为产生负面影响。为了进一步了解风险感知的动态，我们希望通过三个工作方案（1-3）中不同的实验任务范式来确定风险反馈处理的关键机制。在(1)中，我们将使用选择性更新任务范式来研究这种动态。在研究1a中，我们关注的是准备的变化（由诱导两种心态中的一种引起）以及当参与者经历各种消极生活事件的多个pec周期时产生的动态。在研究1b中，我们将通过在pec周期的不同时间点诱导心态来进一步分析潜在的过程。最后，在研究1c中，我们将调查两种心态对风险感知过程及其转化为相关冒险行为的影响。在(2)中，我们将使用基于经验的风险情境来研究准备变化的行为下游后果。在研究2a中，我们将与P7“累积风险”（h<s:1> bner教授）密切合作，在一个连续的冒险任务中建立应对反馈的模型，作为诱导心态的结果。在研究2b中，我们将改变冒险行为与个人自我的相关性。在研究2c中，我们将分析在情感丰富和情感贫乏的决策环境下所引发的不同应对策略。在(3)中，我们计划研究决策后防御对风险感知动态的影响。在研究3a和3b中，我们将调查对已经做出的相关决策的重新审议是否会导致风险动态的变化，以及是否可以通过对不相关决策的重新审议来触发这种变化。在研究3c中，我们将再次使用选择性更新任务来测试决策后防御对风险感知和冒险行为动态的影响是否具有领域特异性（即不推广到其他风险领域）。

The aims of Project P6 pertain to the analysis of the dynamic interaction between goal striving and subjective risk perception, and the subsequent effects of this interaction on risk-taking behavior. Derived from the Mindset Theory of Action Phases (Gollwitzer, 1990, 2012), we want to induce deliberative and implemental mindsets. In line with the model of preparedness-exposure-coping-cycles (PEC) of risk perception, we postulate differences in the preparedness of individuals depending on the induced mindset. Furthermore, we propose that post-decisional defensiveness affects the consideration and incorporation of relevant risk information (coping) and the respective risk-taking behavior in a negative way. To advance the understanding of the dynamics of risk perceptions, we want to identify the critical mechanisms in the processing of risk feedback by means of different experimental task paradigms in three work programs (1-3) with three studies each. In (1), this dynamic will be investigated by using the selective updating task paradigm. In Study 1a, we focus on changes in preparedness (caused by inducing one of the two mindsets) and the resulting dynamics while participants go through multiple PEC-cycles for various negative life events. In Study 1b, we will further analyze the underlying processes by inducing mindsets at different points of time within the PEC-cycles. Finally, in Study 1c we will investigate the effects of both mindsets on the course of risk perception and its translation into relevant risk-taking behavior. In (2), we will use experience-based risk situations to research the behavioral downstream consequences of changes in preparedness. In Study 2a, we will model the coping with feedback in a sequential risk-taking task as a consequence of the induced mindsets in close cooperation with P7 'Cumulative Risk' (Prof. Hübner). In Study 2b, we will vary the relevance of the risk-taking behavior to the person's self. In Study 2c, we will analyze the different coping strategies that the exposure to affect-rich vs. affect-poor decision contexts elicit. In (3), we plan to study the ramifications of post-decisional defensiveness concerning the dynamics of risk perception. In Studies 3a and 3b, we will investigate whether the re-deliberation of relevant decisions that have been made leads to changes in risk dynamics, and whether this can be triggered even by the re-deliberation of irrelevant decisions. In Study 3c, we will use the selective updating task once again to test whether the effects of post-decisional defensiveness on the dynamics of risk perception and risk-taking behavior are domain-specific (i.e., do not generalize to other domains of risk).