The “Human Factor” as a Special Interface. On the Scientific-Historical and Technical-Philosophical Conception of Human-Machine Interaction at the Research Institute for Anthropotechnics (1960-1980)

申请人希望从科学史和技术哲学的研究角度出发，在德国的背景下研究1960-1980年期间人机交互中的“人的因素”。分析的主题是技术-科学“人类技术”的概念及其在人类技术研究所(1969)的制度化。在将要考察的一段时间内，将根据人体工学的有效概念，研究出“人”和“技术”知识的变化形式以及它们相互作用的新形式。该研究所可以作为这种改变的人机交互认识论的典范，因为在这里，欧洲-大陆关于人作为一个复杂的整体的概念与盎格鲁-撒克逊关于机器建造的语用学结合在一起。通过这种方式，形成了一个既有成效又有影响的人机适应研究方案。“人类工艺学”的任务是使技术适应“整个”人类。尽管人类技术研究所于1996年解散，但其以人为中心的生产和互动的重要要求直到今天仍然存在于不同的设计技术条件下。更仔细地审视这一技术适应人类的必然性的历史概念，人类工艺学在与技术打交道时不应排斥人类，而应将人类融为一体。这种冥想总是涉及到对人类和人类模型的确定表示的技术适应。因此，不同的人类(有机学家、机械学家)本身受到社会文化的影响，唤起了人类的具体工程科学模型(人体测量学、信息技术)。在工业生产日益数字化的现状下，这从根本上改变了社会和人的形象，因此，科学-历史任务必须以反思和基于来源的方式调查复杂的工业-技术论点的发展，以便在其研究重点中进行人机协作。首先，应该找出在20世纪60年代有利于“人类工艺学”出现的可能性的科学-历史和技术-哲学条件。在这次重新评估中，人类学上关于“整个”人类的辩论既是控制论思想的描绘，也是考试的焦点。其次，在此基础上，将参照资料，审查“人类工艺学”的技术和哲学概念及其在技术-科学和公共空间中的传播。第三，将对“人类技术”研究所在1970年代和1980年代的方案、联网和影响方面的人类技术研究方法和概念的发展进行决定性的调查

The applicant wants to investigate the “human factor” in human-machine interaction in the period from 1960 to 1980 in the German context and to do so from a research perspective of history of science and philosophy of technology. The subject of the analysis is the concept of technical-scientific “anthropotechnics” and its institutionalization in the Research Institute for Anthropotechnics (1969). In the period of time that will be examined, the changing forms of knowledge of the ‘human’ and the ‘technical’ and their new forms of interaction will be worked out based on the efficacious concept of anthropotechnics. The Research Institute can hold as exemplary for this altered epistemic view of human-machine interaction because here the European-Continental conceptions of the human as a complex ‘whole’ were combined with the Anglo-Saxon pragmatics of machine construction. In this way, a research programme on human-machine adaptation was formed that was as productive as it was influential. The task of “anthropotechnics” consisted in adapting technology to the ‘whole’ human being. Although the Institute for Anthropotechnics was dissolved in 1996, its important human-centred imperative for production and interaction is still present right up to today in different technical conditions for design. Looking more closely at the historical conception of this imperative for technical adaption to the human, anthropotechnics should not exclude but integrate the human being in dealings with technology. This meditation always concerned a technical adaptation to a determinate representation of the human and model of the human. Thus, different representations of the human (organicist, mechanical), themselves socio-culturally influenced, evoked specific engineering-scientific models of the human (anthropometric, information-technological). In the present situation of the ever-increasing digitalization of industrial production, which fundamentally changes society as well as the representation of the human, the scientific-historical task must thus be to investigate in a reflective and source based manner the development of complex industrial-technical arguments for a human-machine collaboration in its research focus. First, the scientific-historical and technical-philosophical conditions of the possibility that favoured the emergence of an “anthropotechnics” in the 1960s should be worked out. In this reappraisal, anthropological debates on the ‘whole’ human being are as much the focus of the examination as a delineation from cybernetic ideas. Second, on this basis the technical and philosophical conception of an “anthropotechnics” as well as its dissemination in technical-scientific and public space will be examined by reference to sources. Third the development of anthropotechnical research approaches and concepts in the Research Institute for “Anthropotechnics” will be investigated determinately as regards its programme, networking and impact in the 1970s and 1980s