Crosslingual Language Varieties: A Multifaceted Investigation

当今世界上的大多数人在日常生活中使用一种以上的语言，据估计，今天的大多数儿童在成长过程中接触到两种或两种以上的语言。多语种已被确认为教育和社会目标，特别是欧洲联盟。除了个人使用多种语言外，文化、技术和信息的特点越来越多地表现为资源的全球化，这是通过翻译来自各种语言的材料来实现的。这一创新和跨学科的建议汇集了语料库语言学、心理语言学和计算机科学的研究人员和方法，以更好地理解个人如何使用他们所掌握的各种语言。拟议的研究结果可以用来为语言教育和翻译研究提供信息。拟议的研究计划将同时调查双语者使用同一套多学科方法产生的几种语言变体，以确定这些变体之间的共同特征和有意义的差异。我们将在语料库上使用定性和定量的计算方法，并用心理语言学实验来补充我们的发现。我们将统一调查跨语言变体的各种表现形式，包括翻译和非母语人士在不同专业水平和熟练程度的语言。这些变体将与母语人士产生原创(即未翻译)话语的语言形成对比。具体而言，我们将解决以下研究问题：(I)各种跨语言变体有哪些共同特征，并将它们与母语区分开来？(2)跨语言语言变体的特点是什么？(3)这种差异是语言对所特有的，还是“普遍的”？对这些问题的回答将促进我们对支持跨语言差异的认知和计算过程的理解，并将阐明导致个人和语言环境之间的相似和不同的具体情况。拟议的研究在两个重要方面是新颖的：(I)我们将在统一的框架下研究几种跨语言变体，包括翻译和高级非母语，而现有方法通常只关注单一变体；以及(Ii)我们将使用三种不同和互补的方法(大型语料库的统计分析和深度标注的较小语料库的细粒度语言分析，以及心理语言学实验)来研究这些语言变体。这一广泛的方法跨越了既定的学科界限，有望超越以往的研究结果，并产生强大的理论和实践影响。

Most people in the world today use more than one language in the course of their daily lives, and it is estimated that most children today grow up with exposure to two or more languages. Multilingualism has been recognized as an educational and social goal, especially bythe European Union. In addition to individual multilingualism, culture, technology and information are increasingly characterized by a globalization of resources, mediated by translation of materials originating in a wide variety of languages. This innovative andinterdisciplinary proposal brings together researchers and methods from corpus linguistics, psycho-linguistics and computer science to achieve a better understanding of how individuals use the various languages at their disposal. The findings of the proposed researchcould then be used to inform language education and Translation studies. The proposed research program will simultaneously investigate several varieties of the language produced by bilinguals using the same set of multi-disciplinary methods in order to establish common characteristics as well as meaningful differences among thesevarieties. We will use qualitative and quantitative computational methods on language corpora and complement our findings with psycholinguistic experiments. We will uniformly investigate various manifestations of crosslingual language varieties, including both translations and the language of non-native speakers at different levels of expertise and proficiency. These varieties will be contrasted with the language ofnative speakers producing original (i.e. not translated) utterances. In particular, we will address the following research questions: (i) What characteristics are common to the various crosslingual language varieties and distinguish them from native language? (ii) Whatproperties distinguish crosslingual language varieties from each other? (iii) Are such differences language-pair specific, or are they "universal"'? Answers to these questions will forward our understanding of the cognitive and computational processes supporting crosslingual language varieties, and will illuminate the specific circumstances that lead to similarities and differences between individuals and language settings. The proposed research is novel in two important ways: (i) we will address several crosslingual language varieties, including translations and advanced non-native language, under a unifyingumbrella, whereas existing approaches typically focus only on a single variety; and (ii) we will utilize three different and complementary methodologies (statistical analysis of large corpora with a modeling component, fine-grained linguistic analysis of deeply annotatedsmaller corpora, and psycholinguistic experiments) to investigate these language varieties. This broad approach, which cuts across established disciplinary boundaries, holds the promise of going beyond previous findings, and having a strong theoretical and practicalimpact.