The impact of ambient awareness on the temporal coordination of spatially dispersed teams

时间协调是团队工作的一个重要方面。时间协调有三个方面：1）联合行动的正确顺序，2）正确的时机，3）在团队的背景下，动态效果作为变量的适应，这可能会根据自己的状态动态变化。时间协调的挑战包括定时误差和同步问题。这些错误是在不充分的任务状态意识（TSA）。在拟议的项目中，我们将特别关注空间分散的生产团队的时间协调。作为对时间协调障碍的对策，团队使用时间协调活动来定义组成员同步其活动的节奏，例如通过时间协调工件同步和分配资源。此外，时间协调由脚本协调或并行工作支持，因为允许团队成员共享视觉上下文。由于空间分散的团队工作的特点是排除并排工作，我们调查可能的替代品，产生的团队的任务状态的意识。在拟议的项目中，我们研究了建立在增强现实（AR）上的协调工件的影响。核心研究问题是：AR技术能否通过提高生产环境中空间分散团队的任务状态意识（TSA），结合包括单个任务在内的视觉注意力指导，来支持脚本协调的时间方面？通过使用2 × 2的实验设计（因素1：二维与三维叠加，因素2：静态与动态叠加）与110个两人团队（共220名受试者），每个执行个人任务和团队任务，我们提出了AR叠加任务状态的时间团队协调的主要影响。此外，我们希望研究2D与3D静态和动态叠加的影响。在H1中，我们假设团队任务状态与AR叠加的组将比控制组更及时地协调团队任务。在H2中，我们提出，团队任务的过程状态的3D叠加组将协调团队任务，以更及时的方式比2D叠加组。最后，具有过程状态的动态信息的叠加的组将在他们的个人任务中表现得更好，因为他们在等待“进入”团队任务时需要更少的注意力资源。研究结果将有助于更好地理解空间分散团队的时间协调需求，并为基于AR的协调工件的开发提供工作心理学相关和HCI相关的指导方针，该指导方针基于跨学科研究的组合，为未来在“工业4.0”中的使用提供相关。

Temporal coordination is an important aspect of team work. Temporal coordination has three aspects: 1) the correct sequencing of joint action, 2) the correct timing, and 3) the adaptation of dynamic effects as variables in the teams’ context, which may change dynamically in terms of their own state. Challenges of temporal coordination include errors in timing and problems of synchronization. These errors are founded in an inadequate task state awareness (TSA). In the proposed project, we will particularly focus on the temporal coordination of spatially dispersed production teams. As a countermeasure to impediments to temporal coordination, teams use temporal coordination activities to define the rhythms by which group members synchronize their activities, e.g. by synchronization and allocation of resources by means of temporal coordination artifacts. Additionally, temporal coordination is supported by scripted coordination or by side-by-side work as team members are allowed to share a visual context. As spatially dispersed team work is characterized by the exclusion of side-by-side work, we investigate possible substitutes that generate an awareness of the team’s task state. In the proposed project, we investigate the impact of a coordination artifact that builds on augmented reality (AR). The central research question is: Can AR technologies support temporal aspects of scripted coordination by increasing the task state awareness (TSA) of spatially dispersed teams in a production context, in combination with visual attention guidance including the individual task? By using a 2 x 2 experimental design (factor 1: 2D versus 3D superimposition, factor 2: static versus dynamic superimposition) with 110 two-person teams (220 subjects in total), each performing an individual task and a team task, we propose a main effect of the AR superimpositions of task states on temporal team coordination. Additionally, we wish to investigate the effects of 2D versus 3D static and dynamic superimposition. In H1, we assume that groups with AR superimposition of team task state will coordinate the team task in a more timely manner than the control group. In H2, we propose that groups with 3D superimpositions of process states of the team task will coordinate the team task in a more timely manner than the groups with 2D superimposition. Finally, the groups with superimpositions of dynamic information of process states will perform better in their individual task, as they require fewer attentional resources while waiting for their “entry” into the team task. Four work packages are defined to conduct the study with 220 persons.The results will contribute to a better understanding of the temporal coordination needs of spatially dispersed teams and provide work psychology-related and HCI-related guidelines for the development of AR-based coordination artifacts based on the combination of interdisciplinary research relevant for future use in “Industrie 4.0”.