Dynamics of Development and Transformations of Ownership in Western Fars: The Bozpar Valley (Bushehr Region, Iran)

伊朗西南部的法尔斯省被认为是阿契美尼德和萨珊两个波斯帝国的发源地。但是，尽管人们对法尔斯的历史一直很感兴趣，而且由于有限的考古研究，人们对更广泛的法尔斯地区在那些时期的历史也只了解了一部分。特别是法尔斯西部的聚落动态和社会结构的变化难以重建。目前的争论涉及游牧民族在该地区历史上的角色，以及萨珊王朝和萨珊王朝之间的差异，以及萨珊王朝和早期伊斯兰统治和物质文化之间的差异，这似乎是模棱两可的。拟议中的法尔斯西部Bozpar山谷项目试图对这些问题做出有意义的贡献。博兹帕尔是扎格罗斯山脉（布什尔省）一个小而隐蔽的山谷。赫茨菲尔德于1924年在邻近的萨马什哈德平原记录了萨珊王朝的遗迹，而博兹帕尔山谷则是在1961年首次被访问。范登·伯格注意到大量的废墟，并报告了一座（后）阿契美尼德墓，与帕萨尔加德的塞罗斯二世墓有关，以及两座晚期萨珊（或早期伊斯兰）代表性建筑（库什克-e Bala和库什克-e Ardashir）的废墟。最近，Askari Chaverdi（2014）指出了另外四个他追溯到后阿契美尼德时代的遗址。尽管如此，卫星图像显示了许多古代定居点和广泛的水管理特征，特别是25公里的运河和坎儿井。此外，他们中的许多人似乎属于库什克-e巴拉，这是一个靠近宫殿的建筑群。一项结合了调查、地球物理工作、建筑分析和目标导向挖掘的微观区域研究为以下方面提供了极好的视角：(1)详细重建山谷的历史、土地组织和水管理，并对整个法尔斯的转型过程产生更广泛的影响。游牧活动的痕迹可能有助于当前关于（前）历史时期更广泛地区的超人类作用的争论。几个土堆之间的空间关系及其与水资源的关系可能允许模拟较小社区的土地利用，主要是在（后）阿契美尼德时代。(2)特别强调的是萨珊王朝/早期伊斯兰时期。纪念性建筑的存在似乎与山谷灌溉系统的重新调整是当代的。这表明土地所有权和土地使用的根本转变，即其资源制度和社会机构的变化，可能是萨珊帝国大部分地区政治和社会结构调整的一部分。因此，库什克-e巴拉建筑群可能是第一个考古发现的dehghan乡村住宅的例子。dehghan是一种有土地的绅士，在6世纪成为萨珊王朝权威的支柱。因此，博兹帕尔河谷对恢复力和社会变化的微观研究可能会对法尔斯的历史描述产生强烈的影响，特别是对研究较少的法尔斯西部地区。

The south-western Iranian province of Fars is known as the origin of the two Persian empires of the Achaemenids and Sasanians. But in defiance of the long-standing interest in their history and in the light of limited archaeological research, the history of the wider Fars region even in those periods is only partially understood. Particularly in western Fars settlement dynamics and changes in the social structure are difficult to reconstruct. Current debates concern the role of nomads in the region’s history and differences between Arsacid and Sasanian as well as Sasanian and early Islamic rule and material culture, which appears ambiguous. The proposed project on the Bozpar valley in western Fars attempts to contribute meaningful to these questions.Bozpar is a small, secluded valley in the Zagros mountains (Bushehr province). While Herzfeld documented Sasanian monuments in the neighboring Sar Mashhad plain in 1924, Bozpar valley was first visited in 1961. Vanden Berghe noticed numerous ruins and reported a (post-)Achaemenid tomb, related to Cyros’ II tomb in Pasargadae, and ruins of two late Sasanian (or early Islamic) representative buildings (Kushk-e Bala and Kushk-e Ardashir). Recently, Askari Chaverdi (2014) indicated four additional sites which he dated to post-Achaemenid times. Still, satellite images reveal a number of ancient settlements and extensive water management features, notably 25 km of canals and qanat. Moreover, many of them appear to belong to Kushk-e Bala, a near palatial complex.A micro-regional study which combines survey, geophysical work, architectural analysis and target-oriented excavations offers excellent perspectives for(1) a detailed reconstruction of the valley’s history, land organization and water management through the ages with wider implications for transformation processes across Fars. Traces of nomadic activities might contribute to the current controversy about the role of transhumancy in the wider area in (pre-)historic times. The spatial relationship between several tepe and their relation to water resources might allow to model land-use by smaller communities, mostly in (post-)Achaemenid times.(2) Special emphasis is placed on the Sasanian/early Islamic period. The presence of monumental structures seems contemporary to a realignment of the valley’s irrigation system. This suggest a fundamental transformation of land ownership and land use, i.e., changes in its resource regime and of social institutions, probably as part of a political and social restructuring of large parts of the Sasanian Empire. The complex of Kushk-e Bala could thus be the first archaeological example for a country residence of a dehghan, the landed gentry, which in the 6th century became the backbone of Sasanian authority. Therefore, the Bozpar valley micro-study on resilience and social change could have intense repercussions for the historical description of Fars, and the poorly researched Western Fars region in particular.