Negotiating Resettlement. Negotiations, processes and long-term development of violence-induced migration after World War II.

2018年，难民人数比以往任何时候都多。搬迁和重新安置计划旨在为他们中的许多人提供开始新生活的机会，但这些计划--如欧盟的搬迁努力--似乎常常失败。为什么？为什么？了解被迫移徙、流离失所的历史以及难民或流离失所者、国际组织和社会在暴力引发的流动之后谈判解决办法的方式，对了解目前的局势作出了极为重要的贡献。第二次世界大战结束后，数百万人-纳粹浩劫和纳粹统治与暴力的幸存者-在欧洲各地流离失所，不得不寻找如何以及在何处继续生活的办法。在战后的头几年里，这些难民和流离失所者中的大多数都是自己或在难民署的帮助下返回了原来的居住地。然而，他们中的许多人不能被遣返，或者他们有充分的理由拒绝这一选择。1947年，西方盟国在苏联的要求下成立了国际难民组织（International Refugee Organization，IRO），以组织安置未遣返的难民。除了在欧洲重新安置外，移民组织还在美洲、澳大利亚、英联邦成员国、北方非洲、亚洲或以色列安排了大约70万人重新安置。这些难民中大约有10万人被安置在拉丁美洲。国际难民组织的安置计划主要是作为战后欧洲和“冷战”开始背景下的国际组织和国际外交的历史来研究的，重点是某些种族或宗教群体，重点是安置的热点地区，即美国，加拿大，澳大利亚和以色列。该项目的目的是从历史移徙研究的角度调查国际组织重新安置流离失所者这一最广泛的历史案例，并将其作为处理暴力引起的移徙后果的一个模式。委内瑞拉作为重新安置的目的地将是研究的案例。我们专注于谈判和移民的四个关键方面：（1）国际难民组织与委内瑞拉之间关于重新安置的政治谈判以及重新安置的空间和时间发展，（2）流离失所者与国际难民组织外地官员之间关于移民的个别谈判以及流离失所者的社会概况，（3）委内瑞拉流离失所者在移民安置前后的生活历程;（4）委内瑞拉流离失所者关于参与和承认的社会协商以及相应的移民话语。

In 2018, more people than ever before were refugees. Relocation and resettlement programs aim to provide many of them with a chance to begin a new life, but programs – such as the EU’s relocation effort – often seem to fail. Why? Understanding the history of forced migration, displacement and ways, solutions were negotiated between refugees or displaced persons (DPs), international organizations and societies in the aftermath of violence-induced mobility provides a most relevant contribution to the understanding of the present situation. After the end of the Second World War, millions of people – survivors of the Shoah and Nazi rule and violence – were displaced all over Europe and had to work out how and where to continue their lives. During the first post-war years, most of those refugees and DPs returned to their former places of living either on their own or with help of the UNRRA. Many of them, however, could not be repatriated or they had good reasons to refuse that option. Against the USSR’s request, the Western Allies founded the International Refugee Organization (IRO) in 1947, to organize the resettlement of the non-repatriated DPs. In addition to resettlement within Europe, the IRO also organized the resettlement of round about 700.000 people in the Americas, in Australia, in member states of the British Commonwealth, in Northern Africa, Asia or Israel. About 100.000 of those DPs were resettled in Latin America.The IRO’s resettlement program has mostly been studied as the history of an international organization and international diplomacy in the context of post-war Europe and the beginning “Cold War”, with a focus on certain ethnic or religious groups, and with emphasis on the hot spots of the resettlement, namely the United States, Canada, Australia, and Israel, that is to say initially Palestine.The project aims to investigate this most extensive historical case of internationally organized resettlement of DPs from the perspective of Historical Migration Research and as a model of dealing with consequences of violence-induced migration. Venezuela as destination of the resettlement will be the case to study.We focus on four cohesive key aspects of negotiation and migration: 1) the political negotiation of the resettlement between the IRO and Venezuela and the spatial and chronological development of the resettlement, 2) the individual negotiation of the emigration between the DPs and the IRO field officers and the DPs’ social profiles, 3) the DPs life courses before and after the resettlement, and 4) the social negotiation about participation and recognition of the DPs in Venezuela and the corresponding discourses about immigration.