Biochemical and molecular biological studies on the systematic evolution of anurans distributed in the Palearctic region

在包括日本在内的世界各地广泛分布的两栖无尾两栖动物Bufo和Rana中，通过对骨骼肌和肝脏提取的酶以及大量个体的血液蛋白进行电泳分析，根据每个基因座的基因频率估计不同种群、亚种和物种之间的遗传距离。在遗传距离的基础上，用UPGMA法绘制树状图。主要研究结果如下：1.研究结果。对分布于东半球的7种和6个亚种的研究表明，欧洲的东亚钳蝎与日本的东亚钳蝎关系密切，后者在由东向西的分化过程中在日本产生了4个亚种。发现古北区池蛙(Esculenta Group)首先在欧洲和远东各分为3个种，然后产生3个亚种…在远东有更多的西西里。对黑斑林蛙种群70个种群的调查表明，短斑林蛙是由以前的种群短斑蛙与新来的黑斑林蛙杂交产生的。对分布于古北区的12种棕蛙的物种形成过程进行了研究。结果表明，先分化出26条染色体的拉图林蛙和对开林蛙，再分化出24条染色体的罗非鱼。在剩下的9个物种中，有6个物种有26条染色体，而另外3个物种有24条染色体。它们被分发到世界各地。对分布于日本的40个皱纹蛙种群的电泳谱研究表明，东部种群与西部种群有较大差异。此外，对该物种性别决定机制的研究表明，东部种群为ZW型，西部种群为XY型。这似乎是性别决定机制的最原始状态，应该进一步研究。性别决定机制的原始状态，有待进一步研究。此外，还阐明了远东地区分布的3种Hyla的区别，以及日本分布于热带的淡色林蛙与热带加拿大林蛙和扁头蛙的亲缘关系。较少

In Bufo and Rana, which belong to anuran amphibians distributed widely in various districts of the world including Japan, enzymes extracted from the skeletal muscles and livers, and the blood proteins of numerous individuals were analyzed by electrophoresis to estimate the genetic distances between different populations, subspecies and species from gene frequencies at each locus. Dendrograms were drawn by the method of UPGMA on the basis of genetic distances. The main results of researches were as follows.1. A study on seven species and six subspecies of Bufo which are distributed in the Old World evidently showed that the European Bufo bufo are very closely related with the Japanese B. japonicus, and that the latter produced four subspecies in Japan during the period of differentiation from east to west.2. It was found that the pond frogs ( esculenta group ) in the Palearctic region were first divided into three species in each of Europe and the Far East, and then produced three subsp … More ecies in the Far East. The investigations on 70 populations of the Rana nigromaculata group showed that R. brevipoda porosa was produced by hybridization between a former occupant, R. brevipoda and a newly-arrived, R. nigromaculata.3. The process of speciation in 12 brown frog species distributed in the Palearctic region was investigated. The result showed that R. latouchi and R. tsushimensis having 26 chromosomes were first differentiated, and then R. arvalis having 24 chromosomes was produced. Of the remaining nine species, six had 26 chromosomes, while the other three had 24 chromosomes. They were distributed to various districts of the world.4. A electrophoretic study on 40 populations of Rana rugosa distributed in Japan showed that the eastern populations fairly differed from the western ones. Moreover, the investigations on the sex-determining mechanism of this species indicated that the eastern populations were of the ZW-type, while the western populations were of the XY-type. This seems to be the most primitive state of sex-determining mechanism which should be further investigated. primitive state of sex-determining mechanism which should be further investigated.5. In addition to the above-mentioned, differentiation of three Hyla species distributed in the Far East, and the affinity of Rana limnocharis which is distributed from Japan over the tropics with tropical R. cancrivora and Platymantis was clarified. Less