Molecular and biochemical development of the domestication of soybean

本研究旨在通过对甘氨酸亚属大豆的生物化学、分子生物学和生态学信息的积累，阐明野生大豆的遗传分化和种群结构，探讨野生大豆的驯化和种系进化过程及其对其的贡献。结果和讨论的总结如下。在日本野生大豆群体中可以观察到三种类型的叶绿体基因组，并根据其叶绿体基因组的分化，对大豆亚属的系统发育和进化进行了研究。对野生大豆线粒体基因组的多态性进行了分析，并通过克隆确定了其变异序列。讨论了线粒体基因组的进化过程。为了研究其多态性与驯化大豆的关系，需要绘制大豆品种的物理图谱。根据同工酶基因型，明确了1053个日本大豆陆地小种和447个日本大豆野生材料等位基因频率、遗传结构和系统发育变异的地理分布。大豆的蛋白质和脂肪含量在日本早期陆地种之间存在显著差异。特别是非常早期的，可以清楚地分为高蛋白-低脂肪和低蛋白-高脂肪两组，也可以分为高油酸和低油酸。黄豆的缠绕和分枝两种不同的生长形式清楚地反映了与环境稳定性有关的生殖和生态分化。原产于台湾北部的野生大豆，其种子大小较小，并具有东亚地区常见的大豆特有的等位基因Lap1-d。

The purpose of this research project is to elucidate the genetic differentiation and structure of population, and to discuss the processes of the domestication and phyletic evolution and the contributions of the wild soybean to them by the accumulation of biochemical, molecular biological and ecological information in genus Glycine subgenus Soja.The summary of results anddiscussions is follows.1. The three types of chloroplast genome could be observed in the Japanse wild soybean population and the phylogeny and evolution of subgenus Soja were examined, based on the differentiation of its chloroplast genome.2. The polymorphism of mitochondria genome could be fond in the wild soybean and the sequences of its variants were determined by the cloning. The processes of evolution in the mitochondria genome were discussed. To examine the relationship of its polymorphism with the domesticated soybean a physical map of the soybean cultivar cold be completed.3. The geographical distribution of allele frequencies, the genetic structure and the phylogeneic variation were made clear in 1053 land races and 447 wild accessions of the Japanese soybean, based on their isozyme genotypes.4. The contents of protein and fat of sed were found to differ markedly among the early Japanese land races of soybean. Especially the extremely early ones could divide clearlyinto the two groups of high protein-low fat and low protein-high fat, and also into high and low oleic acids.5. The two distinct growth forms, namely, the twining and branching, of G.soja clearly represent the reproductive and ecological differentiation in relation to environmental stability.6. The wild soybean of subgenus Soja indigenous to northern Taiwan was distinguished by the reduced seed size and the unique allele of Lap1-d from the G.soja distributed commonly in East Asia.