Islam and Modern Trends in Middle Eastern Islamic Countries

木村试图从阿拉伯国家的社会变化来理解伊斯兰教在过去几十年中的复兴，他得出了以下结论：大多数旨在引入西方制度的政治和社会改革，如自由主义、民主或社会主义，都失败了，主要是因为政府的威权主义，伊斯兰精神的延续，以及阿拉伯国家对西方文明的文化、政治和经济依赖。民众对这些改革的糟糕表现感到失望，开始重新评估传统价值观，并在包括伊斯兰教和伊斯兰机构在内的传统社会团体和制度中寻找自己的身份。黑田东彦试图探讨伊朗中央政府与Jangali运动之间的关系，Jangali运动于1915年中期在吉兰省兴起，反对入侵的俄罗斯军队，并在十月革命后抵抗了旨在单独控制伊朗的英国军队。通过分析一些波斯语和英语文件，他得出结论，这场运动考虑到了关键的全国性问题和地方利益。柳桥考察了汉巴里法学派在民法领域的实证性规则。汉巴里学派被认为是原教旨主义的先驱，原教旨主义在现代阿拉伯和伊斯兰国家的影响不断壮大，而且并未停止。汉巴利法理学既否认伊斯兰世界自10世纪以来的威权主义特征，又反对苏菲主义的非伊斯兰因素，表现出无视传统法律观点遵守神圣文本的倾向，在神圣文本中缺乏规则的情况下，以一种相对不受限制的方式依赖于自由裁量判断。当代沙特阿拉伯的汉巴利学派在实践中将伊斯兰教法视为最高法律规范。

In an attempt to understand the resurgence of Islam in the last decades in terms of social changes in Arab countries, Kimura reached the following conclusion : most of political and social reforms aimed at introducing western institutions, such as liberalism, democracy or socialism, failed largely because of the authoritarianism in the government, the continuance of Islamic ethos and the cultural, political and economic dependency of Arab countries on the western civilization. Disappointed at the poor performance of these reforms, the masses come to reassess traditional values and to seek their identity in traditional social groups and systems, including Islam and Islamic institutions. Kuroda tried to explore the relations between the Iranian central government and the Jangali movement which rose against the invading Russian army from the middle of 1915 in the Gilan province and after the October Revolution resisted the British forces aiming to control Iran alone. By analyzing some documents in Persian and in English, he concludes that the movement took into account the crucial nationwide problems as well as the local interests. Yanagihashi examined the positive rules of Hanbali law school in the domains of civil law. The Hanbali school is regarded as the forerunner of the fundamentalism which grew and does not cease to grow influencing in the modern Arab and Islamic countries. In accordance with its religious tendency to deny the authoritarianism characteristic of the Islamic world since the tenth century and at the same time to reject the non-Islamic elements of Sufism, the Hanbali jurisprudence reveals its tendency to abide by sacred texts in negligence of traditional legal opinions and in absence of rules in sacred texts it depends on discretionary judgment in a comparatively unrestrained manner. The Hanbali school in contemporary Saudi Arabia considers in practice the sharia as the supreme legal norm.