Life and Death Their Logical and Ethical Problems

今天，由于生物科学和生物技术的最新发展，我们面临着与我们的生命和死亡有关的各种严重的医学和社会问题。本研究的目的是为当前问题提供一些哲学伦理观点。对待人的生与死，必须与对待其他生物作为科学研究对象的方式不同；因为如果不阐明围绕着“我是什么？”这个最基本的问题的各种哲学问题，就不能充分地研究它们。我们生与死的最终基础和意义，只能用这个“我”来表示。在这种基本态度的指导下，我们的研究结果可以初步总结如下：“我”作为生命意义和世界意义的支撑者的存在性从多个方面进行了考察，例如：(1)通过分析当代分析哲学中的个人同一性问题，(2)通过阐明苏格拉底和柏拉图哲学文本中的自我认识结构，(3)通过提取亚里士多德的“语言视界”概念来阐明人类个体的生与死。对于我们的实际行动的结构，(1)作为行动理论历史上的中心问题之一，我们从实践推理的角度厘清了它们的逻辑形式；(2)审视了圣托马斯和斯宾诺莎的原始思想，从而打开了我们自由行动的基础和本质。对于生命伦理学的人类基础，(1)我们在言语行为理论和社会规范的遗传理论的基础上，研究了人类行为与调节人类行为的社会规范之间的关系；(2)再次确认了规范伦理学和元伦理学在发展关于生死问题的伦理学研究中的一些互补作用的重要性。

Today we are confronted with various types of serious medico-social problems concerning our life and death, as the result of recent developments of biological sciences and biotechnology. The purpose of this research is to provide current issues with some philosophical ethical points of view. Human life and death must be treated in a different way from that in which other creatures are dealt with as the object of scientific researches; for they cannot sufficiently be investigated without elucidating various philosophical problems centered around a most elementary question: "What am I?". The ultimate basis and meaning of our lives and deaths must be shown solely in terms of this "I". The results of our research, directed by this fundamental attitude of ours, are tentatively summarized as follows:1. The existence of "Me" as supporter of the meaning of life and the world was examined from various aspects: for instance, (1) by analyzing the personal-identity problem in contemporary analytic philosophy, (2) by elucidating the structure of Self-Knowledge in the philosophical texts of socrates and plato and (3) by extracting the Aristotelian notion of "language-horizon" to illuminate the life and death of human individuals.2. As to the structure of our practical actions, (1) we clarified their logical forms in terms of practical reasoning, as one of the central problems in the history of action-theory, and (2) scrutinized the original ideas of ST.Thomas and Spinoza to open up the ground and the essence of our free action.3. As for the human foundations of bioethics, (1) we investigated relations of the human action and the social norms that are regulating them, on the bases of speech-act theory and the genetic theory of social norms, and (2) re-confirmed the importance of some complementary roles of both normative ethics and metaethics in developing ethical researches into the problems of life and death.