RP2: Transfer from goal-directed behavior to stimulus-response habits and its modulation by acute stress in gaming disorder and buying-shopping disorder

条件性刺激影响仪器反应的能力是动物和人类研究的一个强有力的发现，被认为是成瘾行为发展和维持的关键因素。在互联网使用障碍中，巴甫洛夫条件反射过程被认为可以增强动机反应，从而激活工具性奖励寻求。然而，在有风险或有问题使用特定互联网应用程序的个体中，关于条件线索对工具性反应的影响以及影响这些过程的因素(例如，急性应激)的知识非常有限。虽然有证据表明，急性应激可能会引发成瘾复发，但到目前为止，还没有研究调查急性应激对有互联网使用障碍风险的个人的条件性线索对工具反应的影响。本项目的目的是调查条件刺激对器质性反应的影响，以及在游戏障碍和购买-购物障碍的早期阶段急性应激可能产生的影响。该项目将包括四组(每组都有的参与者)：1)有风险地使用游戏，2)有风险地使用购物应用程序，3)无问题地使用游戏，4)无问题地使用购物应用程序的个人。在完成包括核心电池的实验和神经心理学任务的诊断后，将使用带有与游戏或购买-购物相关的刺激和奖励的巴甫洛夫-仪器-转移(PIT)范式。在巴甫洛夫训练阶段，两个中性刺激将与游戏或购物刺激配对。在第二阶段，参与者学习执行不同的按键来实现与游戏或购买购物相关的奖励。在转换阶段，来自巴甫洛夫训练阶段的条件性刺激将被呈现，而仪器反应可以像以前一样进行。成果贬值将在转移阶段的前半部分之后实施。急性压力的作用将使用标准化的特里尔社会压力测试进行调查，该测试将在获得条件性反应和学习工具行为后进行。用眼球跟踪器评估对不同实验刺激的奖励期望评级和注意力分配将表明条件性反应，而反应选择和反应率表明工具行为。RP2与RP3和RP6有很强的协同作用，RP3和RP6也将研究线索反应的各个方面。此外，RP2连接到RP4，RP4也将解决线索反应性和急性应激。RP2和RP5之间也存在协同效应，因为这两个项目都将调查购买-购物障碍和急性压力的影响。

The ability of conditioned stimuli to affect instrumental responding is a robust finding from animal as well as human research and is considered a key factor for the development and maintenance of addictive behaviors. In Internet use disorders, Pavlovian conditioning processes are thought to intensify motivational responses, which can activate instrumental reward seeking. However, there is very limited knowledge on the impact of conditioned cues on instrumental responding and of factors that affect these processes (e.g. acute stress) in individuals with risky or problematic use of specific Internet applications. While there is evidence that acute stress may trigger relapse in addictions, no study to date has investigated the effect of acute stress on the impact of conditioned cues on instrumental responding in individuals at risk for Internet use disorders. The aim of this project is to investigate the impact of conditioned stimuli on instrumental responding and possible effects of acute stress in early stages of gaming disorder and buying-shopping disorder. The project will include four groups (each with 64 participants): individuals with 1) risky use of games, 2) risky use of shopping applications, 3) non-problematic use of games, 4) non-problematic use of shopping applications. After completion of the diagnostics including the experimental and neuropsychological tasks of the core battery, a Pavlovian-Instrumental-Transfer (PIT) paradigm with stimuli and rewards related to gaming or buying-shopping will be used. In the Pavlovian training phase, two neutral stimuli will be paired either with gaming- or with buying-shopping stimuli. In the second phase, participants learn to perform different key presses to achieve gaming- or buying-shopping-related rewards. In the transfer phase, the conditioned stimuli from the Pavlovian training phase will be presented while the instrumental responses can be performed as before. An outcome devaluation will be implemented after the first half of the transfer phase. The role of acute stress will be investigated using the standardized Trier Social Stress Test, which will be administered after acquisition of the conditioned responses and learning of instrumental behavior. Reward expectancy ratings and attention allocation to the different experimental stimuli assessed with an eye-tracker will indicate conditioned responses while response choice and response rate indicate instrumental behavior. RP2 has strong synergies with RP3 and RP6, which will also investigate facets of cue reactivity. Furthermore, RP2 is connected to RP4, which will also address cue reactivity and acute stress. There are also synergies between RP2 and RP5, as both projects will investigate buying-shopping disorder and effects of acute stress.