International Comparative Studies of Americanization and Anti-Americanism in a Global Age

该项目旨在从跨国和跨学科的角度理解自2001年9月11日以来全球范围内普遍存在的反美主义。由于今天的反美主义在其广度和深度上都是历史上无与伦比的，它激发了各种国际研究，其中之一就是这个项目。本项目的显著特点是强调比较历史的视角，从比较历史的角度研究了各种反美主义与美国作为全球大国的存在的关系。本项目分两种方式进行，即由每个合作研究者对特定地区或国家进行单独研究，以及由每个合作研究者参与的国际联合研究。在后一部分，国际研讨会和讲习班主要提供了一个论坛，跨国和跨学科的讨论反美主义作为一种全球现象。为了加快这种讨论，那些感兴趣的人 ...更多信息 全国性会议轮流讨论了三个主要的关键问题，作为反美主义的途径。通过这些个人和集体的努力，本项目取得了如下共识：首先，其他民族对美国的看法，无论是一个仁慈的“救世主国家”还是一个邪恶的巨人，都是以美国例外论为基础的。其次，尽管反美主义现在是一种全球现象，但任何特定地方的反美主义都是在不同的具体问题上爆发的。第三，美国的全球存在在世界各国造成了政治、经济，特别是文化冲突。每个国家现在都面临着国家认同和普遍文化压力之间的强烈紧张关系。最后，尽管美国试图通过外交和其他手段科普世界上反美主义的兴起，但它从未完全成功。本研究的这些发现将有助于理解当今世界美国力量与反美主义之间的动态关系。少

This project aimed at understanding globally widespread anti-Americanism since September 11, 2001 from transnational and transdisciplinary perspectives. Because today's anti-Americanism is unparalleled in both its scope and depth in history, it has stimulated various international studies on it, one of which is this project. The distinctive characteristic of this project is its emphasis on comparative historical perspective, from which we have studied the developmental processes of a variety of anti-Americanism in relation to the expansion of American presence as a global power.This project has proceeded in two ways, that is, individual studies of particular region or country assigned to each co-researcher and a joint international research joined by every co-researcher. In the latter part, international symposia and workshops mainly provided a forum for transnational and transdisciplinary discussions on anti-Americanism as a global phenomenon. To expedite such discussions, those inter … More national meetings took up three major key issues alternately as routes to anti-Americanism. They are American nationalism, American empire, and the relevancy of American studies today.Through these individual and collective endeavors this project achieved common understandings as follow. First, the view of America by other peoples, either a beneficent "Redeemer Nation" or a maleficent giant, is predicated on American exceptionalism. Second, although anti-Americanism is now a global phenomenon, anti-Americanism in any particular place has erupted on different specific issues. Third, America's global presence has caused political, economic, and particularly cultural conflicts in countries all over the world. Each nation now faces strong tension between national identity and universal cultural pressure. And lastly, although the United States tries to cope with the rise of anti-Americanism in the world by diplomatic and other means, it has never succeeded fully. These findings out of this project will contribute to understanding of the dynamic relations between the American power and anti-Americanism in today's world. Less