Gymnasia and Athletic Culture in Western and Southern Asia Minor During the Hellenistic and Roman Periods

该项目致力于研究公元前4世纪至公元3世纪小亚细亚希腊城市中竞技和体育文化的物质和制度形式。希腊化和帝国时期见证了体育竞赛的繁荣：从公元前三世纪中期开始，体育竞赛的数量开始增加，尤其是在小亚细亚，并在帝国时期达到了顶峰。这种现象的先决条件是运动训练的普遍化，因此体育馆作为一种机构和建筑成为希腊城市公民生活的象征。作为运动和军事训练、教育、社交以及公民实践和价值观传播的场所，体育馆是希腊城市的主要关注点，也是一种财政负担。在六个世纪的历史中，它们在用途、意义和形式上也经历了许多变化和突变，但其中许多变化并没有得到很好的理解，例如，这些建筑中浴场和热文化的位置。在其他与庆祝体操比赛有关的建筑中，体育场馆的研究甚至更少。作为制度、建筑和文化现象，体育馆和竞赛构成了一个特殊的观察站，可以长期观察公民社会的演变：文化、体育和军事实践、民主国家的公民生活、paideia、公民崇拜、名人的个人投资、国王和皇帝对其组织和财政的干预、城市和建筑的演变、希腊和后来罗马生活方式的传播等。尽管有大量的铭文和考古资料，但Gymnasia从未作为一个完整的历史对象进行过研究；也没有在整个希腊化和罗马帝国时期对它们进行历时性的考察。目的是对小亚细亚西部和南部的这些现象进行系统的研究。这个地区提供了无与伦比的资源记录和各种文化和历史情况：古希腊殖民地区，采用城市生活方式的土著社区，有着非常不同的节奏和模式，以及希腊和罗马的基础。因此，选定的区域使我们能够以细致入微的方式研究上述现象，并为希腊世界体操运动的一般历史做出具有代表性的贡献。两个团队在波尔多和慕尼黑进行了实验阶段的文件收集和项目问题测试，专门针对卡里亚和莱西亚。该项目的成果将发表在一本专著中。收集到的数据将同时发表在目前正在波尔多开发的一个数据库中。

The project is devoted to the study of the material and institutional forms of agonistic and gymnasial culture in the Greek cities of Asia Minor from the 4th century BC to the 3rd century AD. The Hellenistic and imperial periods saw athletic contests thrive: they increased in number from the middle of the third century BC, particularly in Asia Minor, and reached their peak in the imperial period. The precondition for this phenomenon was the generalization of athletic training, so that the gymnasium as an institution and a building became a symbol of civic life in Greek cities. As places for athletic and military training, education, sociability, and the transmission of civic practices and values, gymnasiums were a major preoccupation of Greek cities as well as a financial burden. During six centuries of history, they also underwent many transformations and mutations, in their use, their meaning and their form, but many of these are not well understood, such as for example the place that the baths and thermal culture took in these buildings. Among the other buildings linked to the celebration of gymnastic contests, the stadia are even less well studied. As institutional, architectural and cultural phenomena, gymnasia and contests constitute a privileged observatory to examine the evolutions of the civic societies in the long term: cultural, sports and military practices, civic life of the democracies, paideia, civic cults, personal investment of the notables, interventions of the kings and emperors in their organization and in their financing, urban and architectural evolutions, diffusion of Greek and later Roman ways of life, etc. Gymnasia have never been studied as an object of total history, despite the abundance of epigraphic and archaeological sources; nor have they been examined diachronically, throughout the whole Hellenistic and Roman imperial periods. The objective is to conduct a systematic study of these phenomena in Western and Southern Asia Minor. This area offers an unparalleled record of sources and a variety of cultural and historical situations: regions of ancient Greek colonization, indigenous communities that adopted the city way of life, with very different rhythms and modalities, as well as Hellenistic and Roman foundations. The chosen area therefore enables us to study the above-mentioned phenomena in a nuanced way and to make a representative contribution to the general history of gymnasia in the Greek world. Both the collection of documentation and the problems of the project were tested by the two teams in Bordeaux and Munich in an experimental phase, dedicated to Caria and Lycia. The result of the project will be published in a monograph. The collected data will be published in parallel in a database currently under development at Bordeaux.