The birth of "ordinary hero" : transformation of the concepts of Hero and Heroism in 18^<th> century France.

本研究旨在展示18世纪末法国“英雄”和“英雄主义”概念的含义从作为“大圣”的英雄到作为“社会成员”的英雄的演变过程。为此，我们分析了卢梭关于“英雄”和“英雄主义”的思想，以及他同时代人的思想。对卢梭来说，艺术是实现自然目的的一种手段。与当时的其他哲学家相反，他对艺术和技术进步的好处持怀疑态度。让-雅克重视用人类的艺术来引导人们成为普通人和自然的人，就像大自然创造和希望他们成为的那样，让-雅克不仅为少数精英打开了机会，也为普通人打开了成为社会政治主体的机会。在本研究中，我们试图厘清18世纪末法国接受卢梭思想的社会背景，并为“积极公民”的诞生做准备，使其成为一种新的政治主体。这样，我们试图在当代思潮中对卢梭的思想进行评价，并成功地厘清了18世纪末法国“英雄”和“英雄主义”概念含义变化的过程。

This research aimed to show the process through which the meanings of the concepts of "hero" and "heroism" changed in late 18^<th> century France: from hero as "great sage" to hero as "member of the community". For that purpose, we analysed Rousseau's thought on "hero" and "heroism", and also his contemporaries' thoughts. Art is for Rousseau a means to realize Nature's purpose. Contrary to other philosophers of the time, he was doubtful about the benefits of the progress of art and technology. Attaching importance to using human art to lead men to stay as ordinary and natural beings, just as Nature has created them and wanted them to be, Jean-Jacques opened a chance not only to few elites, but also to ordinary people to become political subjects in their society. In this research, we tried to clarify the social context of late 18^<th> century France, which accepted Rousseau's thought and prepared the birth of an "active citizen" who would become a new political subject. In this way, we tried to evaluate Rousseau's thought in the contemporary stream of thought, and succeeded to clarify the process of the changing meanings of the concepts of "hero" and "heroism" in late 18^<th> century France.