The Social Functions of Secondary schools between the two World Wars : From the cases in two defferent areas

我们考察和比较了两次世界大战期间两个截然不同地区中学的社会功能。其中一个地区是丰中，作为大阪的一个小镇，城市化进程迅速发展。新定居的居民大多是新中产阶级，他们要求自己的孩子接受中等教育。另一个是山形县的鹤冈地区，那里的现代化进程比丰中慢得多。各个社会阶层都有自己的教育需求，并根据这些需求建立了从学术到职业的不同类型的中学。例如，富裕的旧中产阶级的男孩通过男校进入新中产阶级。下层阶级的男孩考上了工科中学，成为未来城市大工业的中层工程师。缝纫学校是为未来的农民家庭主妇准备的。从这些发现，我们可以得出以下结论：社会阶层有自己的教育需求，一个地区的社会阶层结构及其变迁对建立的中学类型有很大的影响。中学的目的是发展该地区，学校是通过教育年轻一代而建立的。但事实上，著名的学术院校起到了从地方到城市和工业区的地理流动阶梯的作用。这可能是60年代末以前日本中学的特点。我们需要更详细地检查一下。

We examined and compared the social functions of secondary schools in two remarkably different areas between the two World Wars.One area is the area, Toyonaka, where urbanization proceeded rapidly as a bed town of Osaka. There newly settled residents who mostly consisted of new middle class required academic secondary schools for their children.The other is the area, Tsuruoka in Yamagata prefecture, where modernizing process was much more slower than Toyonaka. There various social classes had their own educational demands, and different types of secondary schools, from academic to vocational, were established based on those demands.For example, boys of wealthy old middle class moved into new middle class through male academic schools. Boys of lower class enrolled in engineering secondary schools as future middle level engineer in urban big industry. Sewing schools were for future farmers' housewives.From these findings we can conclude as follows :1. Social classes have their own educational demands and the structure of social classes in a local area and its transformation has a strong influence on the type of secondary schools established.2. The purpose of secondary schools were to develop the area schools were established by educating young generation. But in fact prestigious academic schools had a function as a ladder for geographic mobility from a local area to urban and industrial areas. It may be the characteristic of Japanese secondary schools until late 1960's. We need to examine it more in detail.