Reconsideration of the Prehistory of West Asia Using Zooarchaeological Data: From Domestication to the Beginning of Nomadic Pastoralism

对土耳其东南部和约旦南部的三个考古遗址进行了调查。卡约努的陶器前新石器时代和陶器新石器时代(公元前10000-7500BP)的动物骨骼遗骸的结果表明，家畜，特别是绵羊和山羊，在PPNB晚期和最后时期变得越来越重要。这一趋势延续到陶器新石器时代，在整个陶器新石器时代，猪的驯化过程似乎一直在逐步推进。因此，不同物种的驯化过程是不同的。在土耳其东南部的Akarcay Tepe发现了从陶器前新石器时代到陶器新石器时代的连续职业。在该地区发现了最古老的陶器类型，表明与叙利亚北部的新石器时代文化有关。目前正在对动物骨骼进行分析。现场有绵羊、山羊和猪。…南部Qa‘Abu Tulayha三个季节的挖掘结果更多的约旦沙漠表明，到新石器时代晚期，向游牧牧业的转变已经开始。尽管看起来像是一个小定居点，但在现场发现的建筑实际上是一系列或埋葬的凯恩斯和伪房屋。对凯恩斯墓葬的发掘表明，埋葬方式发生了变化，从仅限于游牧部落首领的埋葬方式，转变为也包括社会下层个人的埋葬方式。墓葬实践的比较为调查游牧牧民的起源提供了线索，无论他们来自定居的农民还是游牧狩猎采集者。此外，为了填补安纳托利亚东南部和黎凡特南部之间的地理和时间空白，对叙利亚北部草原上的新石器时代遗址Tell el-Kerkh进行了研究。对PPNB和早期陶器新石器时代地层的动物遗骸的研究正在进行中。该项目的结果有助于理解安纳托利亚东南部金牛座山麓定居聚落的驯化过程。通过比较卡约努、阿卡凯和泰尔·克尔克的动物遗骸，可以了解土耳其东南部和叙利亚北部草原地区发达的田园经济的建立。Qa‘Abu Tulayha的发掘结果说明了西南亚干旱地区游牧生活的开始。在未来的研究中，我们需要调查更东边扎格罗斯山麓地区陶器前新石器时代遗址的动物遗迹。此外，有必要调查位于干旱地区附近的定居新石器时代遗址的动物遗迹。较少

Three archaeological sites in southeastern Turkey and southern Jordan were investigated.Results of animal bone remains from Prepottery Neolithic and Pottery Neolithic levels (c. 10000- 7500 bp) at Cayonu suggest that domestic animals, especially sheep and goats, became increasingly important in the late and final PPNB periods. This trend continues into the Pottery Neolithic, Domestication process of pigs seems to have progressed gradually over the entire period of Prepottery Neolithic. Thus it was suggested that the process of domestication differed between species.Continuous occupation from Prepottery Neolithic to Pottery Neolithic was found at Akarcay Tepe in southeastern Turkey. Oldest type of pottery in the region was found, suggesting a connection with the Neolithic culture in northern Syria. Analysis of animal bones is currently being carried out. Domestic sheep, goats, and pigs were present at the site.The results of three seasons of excavation at Qa'Abu Tulayha in the southern … More Jordanian desert suggest that The shift to nomadic pastoralism had already started by the late Neolithic. Although seemingly like a small settlement, the structures found at the site were actually a series or burial cairns and pseudo-houses. Excavation of burial cairns indicated changes in the burial practice, from the one limited to nomad chiefs to the one including individuals of the lower social class as well. Comparison of burial practice provided clues for investigating the origin of the nomadic pastoralists, whether they have originated from sedentary farmers or from nomadic hunter-gatherers.In addition, research of Tell el-Kerkh, a Neolithic site in northern Syrian steppe was carried out in order to fill the geographical and temporal gaps between southeastern Anatolia and southern Levant. Study of faunal remains from the PPNB and early Pottery Neolithic layers is in progress.The results of this project help understanding the process of domestication at sedentary settlements in the Taurus foothills in southeastern Anatolia. The establishment of developed pastoral economy in the steppe region of southeastern Turkey and northern Syria would be understood by comparing the faunal remains from Cayonu, Akarcay, and Tell el-Kerkh. The beginning of pastoral nomadism in the arid region of Southwest Asia is illustrated by the excavation results of Qa'Abu Tulayha.In the future research, we need to investigate faunal remains from Prepottery Neolithic sites in further east, in the Zagros foothill region. Also, it is necessary to investigate the faunal remains of sedentary Neolithic sites located adjacent to the arid region. Less