A Study of Language Contacts among the Cuneiform Languages in the Ancient Near East

古代近东的语言接触是广泛的。赫梯语文本中的Glossenkeil词有一些卢维语成分，如-i词干、-（a）ssa/i-、-（a）lla/i-和动词词尾-wi、-ti或-nti。这些形式被认为是从Luwian借用，其阶段显示赫梯人和Luwian之间的密切联系的证据。这些相互影响也可以从卢维家谱和卢维象形文字铭文中的赫梯皇家家族的一些名字中得到理解。苏美尔语中的-ma形式之一被证明是一个共轭前缀，另一种是一个类似于阿卡德语中的-ma的连词助词。赫梯语中的连接词-ma在功能上与阿卡德语中的连接词-ma相似，尽管两种形式在起源上没有相互关系。上述证据表明，胡里安语对埃马尔语和阿卡德语的书写系统都产生了很大的影响。鉴于辅音字母在字形上的双重书写，苏美尔楔形文字对-CC-书写没有任何语言功能，而阿卡德语楔形文字采用了苏美尔书写系统，并发明了一种新的字形规则，将-CC-书写与双连写联系起来。此外，如果我们假设赫梯人从胡里安人那里借鉴了楔形文字，并且胡里安人的fortis/lenis是独特的，阿卡德语中的双辅音（写为-CC-）在胡里语中听起来像他们的[+fortis]辅音，而赫梯人则认为这是[-voice]。因此，在古代近东的语言接触被认为是（1）苏美尔人>阿卡德语，（2）阿卡德语>胡里安语，（3）胡里安语>赫梯语。很明显，胡里安的影响力在赫梯王国后期有所增加，这一点可以从胡里安家族的一些国王编辑的赫梯法律版本中看出。

The language contact in the Ancient Near East is widespread. Glossenkeil-words in Hittite texts have some Luwian elements such as -i stem, -(a)ssa/i-, -(a)lla/i- and verbal endings of -wi, -ti, or -nti. These forms are regarded as borrowing from Luwian, the phase of which shows evidence of the close contact between Hittite and Luwian. These mutual influences are also understood from some names of Hittite royal family by Luwian genealogy and Luwian Hieroglyphic inscriptions.One of -ma forms in Sumerian is attested as a conjugation prefix, and the other is as a conjunctive particle similar to -ma in Akkadian. The enclitic -ma in Hittite is similar in function to the conjunctive -ma in Akkadian, though there is no mutual relationship in origin between both forms. The evidence above shows some substrative influence from Hurrian.The Hurrian had a great influence on the writing system both Emar and Akkadian. In view of the graphemically double writing of consonants, Sumerian cuneiform imposed no linguistic function on -CC- writing, and Akkadian cuneiform adopted the Sumerian writing system and invented a new graphemic rule, which related -CC- writing with gemination.Further, if we assume that the Hittite borrowed cuneiform script from Hurrian and that fortis/lenis were distinctive in Hurrian, geminated consonants (written -CC-) in Akkadian sounded for the Hurrian like their [+fortis] consonants, which in turn were perceived as [-voice] by the Hittites. Thus in the linguistic contact among the Ancient Near East is considered as (1) Sumerian>Akkadian, (2) Akkadian>Hurrian, (3) Hurrian>Hittite. It becomes clear that Hurrian influence increased in Late Hittite kingdom, being indicated by Late Hittite Law version redacted by some king from a Hurrian family.