The Understanding of the "Word" from the Late Middle Ages to the Renaissance - from Metaphysics to Humanism

1.在13世纪和14世纪的北方学院派神学中，奥古斯丁的“内在世界”理论是由阿奎那和塞耶斯形而上学地发展起来的，是埃克哈特神秘主义的基础。2.语法作为与语言有关的学科之一(琐碎)--在古代文科中，艺术被转化为一种本体论解释的“思辨语法”，直到1330年才占主导地位，但被终极逻辑所取代，后者从1270年左右开始强调逻辑的独立性。3.游牧民族的奥克汉姆主义追求语言的完美逻辑化，而紧随其后的布里德主义则将逻辑的要求调整到语言的实际使用上。在“虔诚的现代人”的宗教运动中，话语被实践为对话，直到在宗教改革中，圣经的话语和布道中的话语被反映为行为和生活事件。5.在意大利，自世纪初以来，从古代修辞学家(西塞罗)的研究中产生了对文本的人文主义研究和一种语言理论，该理论将古典拉丁语视为优雅语言的普遍规范，同时尊重白话的表现力。语言被认为是人类教育的基础，人们对语言的评价不是基于它的逻辑性质，而是它的伦理、文学和教育性。6.通过将人文主义研究融入大学课程，在受德国人文主义辩证法启发的16世纪法国哲学中，修辞学理解的语言被解释为创造真理的方法。然而，这种人文主义的语言概念不得不放弃其在早期现代典型的几何方法精神中的核心地位。

1. In the northern scholastic theology of the 13th and 14th century, Augustine's theory of the "inner word" is metaphysically developed by Aquinas and ser-yes as basis for Eckhart's mysticism. 2. Grammar as one of the language-related disciplines (trivium) -of the ancient liberal, arts is transformed into an ontologically interpreted "speculative grammar", dominant till amind 1330, but superseded by terminist logic, which, since around 1270, stresses the independence of logic. 3. Nomialist Ockhamism strives for a perfect logicification of language, while the succeeding Buridanism adjusts the demands of logic to the actual use of language. In the religious movement of "devotio moderns", the word is practised as dialogue, till in the reformation, the word of the Bible and in the sermons is reflected upon as deed and living event. 5. In Italy, since the early lith century, out of the study of the ancient rhetoricians (Cicero) arises the humanist study of texts and a theory of language which regards classical Latin as universal norm of elegant language, while at the same time respecting the expressive force of the vernaculars. Language is regarded as the basis of human education and estimated not for its logical, but ethical, literary and pedagogical qualities. 6. Through the integration of humanist studies into the university curriculum, in the French philosophy of the 16th century inspired by German humanist dialectics, rhetorically understood language is construed as method for the invention of truth. However, this humanist conception of language had to cease its central place to the spirit of geometrical method typical for early modern times.