Medieval Universities and the Prelates

本研究旨在通过考察1200 - 1500年间鲁昂、兰斯和贝桑松大主教，以及亚眠、阿根、罗德兹、昂热、门德和塞斯主教的职业生涯，阐明欧洲中世纪大学与其社会的关系。我们试图调查他们中有多少人接受过大学教育，他们是什么时候进入美国的，他们学的是什么学科，他们在大学里获得了什么样的学位--博士、执照、学士--以及他们上的是什么大学。（1）从1200年到1500年，我们发现了218位大主教和主教，其中97人，即44%，享有大学教育。但这一比例随时间而变化，13世纪为28%，14世纪初至15世纪末为68%。特别是，从1361年到1460年，我们可以说，这些年来进入大主教或主教区的人中有80%是在大学接受过培训的。因此，我们可以称这一时期为“大学培养的大主教和主教的黄金时代”。(2)On从他们获得的学位来看，很明显，关于“法律”的学位，即教会法和民法，以及在utroque jure中占优势;在获得学位的人中，76%是法律的研究的持有者，与这个百分比相比，我们只给神学学位的保持器持有者10%。(3)As在未来的大主教和主教们所就读的大学中，巴黎大学排在第一位，其次是奥尔良大学。很少有人去法国以外的大学学习。总之，从世纪开始，大学培养的大主教和主教经常被招募为大主教和主教。对他们来说，法律的研究是所有学科中最有吸引力的，而巴黎大学在他们就读的大学中占有优势。

This research aims to clarify the relation between European medieval universities and its society, by considering the career of archbishops of Rouen, of Reims and of Besancon, and bishops of Amiens, of Agen, of Rodez, of Angers, of Mende and of Sees, recruited during the year from 1200 to 1500. We tried to survey, among them, how many enjoyed university education, when they acceded to the see, what kind of discipline they learned, what kind of degree-doctor, licentiatus, baccalairus-they obtained in university, and also what universities they attended.After the analyses of their personal career, we reached the following results. (1)From 1200 to 1500, we found 218 archbishops and bishops, and among them, 97, i.e. 44% enjoyed university education. But the proportion changes following the time ; during the 13th Century, it shows 28%, and, 68% from the beginning of 14th to the end of 15th Century. Especially, from the year 1361 to 1460, we can say that 80% of those who entered on archbishopric or bishopric during these years, were trained at university. So we May call the period "the golden age of university trained archbishop and bishop". (2)On the academic degree they obtained, it is clear that the degree concerning "law", i.e. canon law and civil law, and in utroque jure, is preponderant ; of those who acquired the degree, 76% were holders of the legal studies, in comparison with this percentage, we give only 10% to the holder of theological degree. (3)As to the universities attended future archbishops and bishops, they, the university of Paris comes first, and comes next the university of Orleans outruns. There were few who went to study at universities outside of France.In conclusion, from the 14th Century on, university trained archbishops and bishops were often recruited as archbishop and bishop. For them, the legal studies were most attractive of all the disciplines, and the university of Paris was preponderant as the universities they attended.