Technology Transfer and Corporate Governance of the Foreign-affiliated Companies in Prewar-Japan

本研究旨在厘清二战前日本外资关联企业的技术转移与公司治理特征，尤其是与日本武器金融集团相关的技术转移特征。我们把重点放在了日本制钢厂和日本炸药公司，对于英日合资的大型弹药钢公司JSW，已经明确了一些特点。在这项研究中，我们展示了三个股东(北海道煤矿和轮船公司、阿姆斯特朗公司、维克斯公司)和日本帝国海军(IJN)对JSW最高管理层的不同参与。我们强调了利益相关者之间由于意图的差异(JSW复杂的公司治理)而产生的一些摩擦。另一方面，我们显示，从IJN收到的大炮订单在两家英国公司之间很好地分配了，Kure海军兵工厂和JSW。我们澄清了JSW的许多经理和工程师是由Kure…派来的更多的军火库在大炮的高中层管理和技术转让中发挥了各种重要作用，至于1905年由阿姆斯特朗、诺贝尔和奇尔沃斯投资成立并得到IJN支持的火药制造公司JE还没有被研究过。我们澄清了其基金会的各种背景和事务，平冢工厂(日本JE的分支机构)的概况，以及1918年被IJN收购的进展。我们尽可能地通过分析英国和日本的史料来展示它们。这是一个关于如何一方面完成技术转让，另一方面排除外资控制的重要案例。我们尝试和展示了如何完整设想当时的发展中国家日本可以接受19世纪末已经强大的英国的武器转让，日本弹药及其附属公司可以自己制造各种武器，日本可以实现“一种军事独立”的历史。我们就与上述主题有关的Kure兵工厂制造各种武器的实际情况撰写了一篇手稿，并研究了三菱金融集团控制下的军钢公司。但没有公布，也没有对外资关联公司的公司治理进行全面介绍。较少

The purpose of this research is to clarify the feature of Technology transfer and Corporate governance of the foreign affiliated companies especially in relation to armament and financial group in Japan before the second world war. We focused the Japan Steel Works [hereafter JSW] and the Japanese Explosives Company [hereafter JE].As to JSW, a joint venture (big munition-steel company) by Britain and Japan, some features have been clarified. In this research we showed the various involvement in the top-management of JSW among three shareholders (Hokkaido Colliery and Steamship Co., Armstrongs, Vickers) and the Japanese Imperial Navy (IJN). And we stressed some frictions among those stakeholders caused by differences of those intentions (complicated corporate governance in JSW). On the other, we showed that orders of big guns, received from IJN, were well divided among two British companies, Kure Navy Arsenal and JSW. And we clarified that many managers and engineers of JSW sent by Kure … More arsenal made various important roles in the top ＆ middle-management and technology transfer of big guns.As to JE (gunpowder manufacturing company), established in 1905 invested by Armstrongs, Nobel and Chilworth, and backed by IJN, has not been studied. We clarified various back grounds and affairs of its foundations, general conditions of Hiratsuka factory (the branch office of JE in Japan), and the progress of being acquired in 1918 by IJN. We showed them by analyzing the historical materials in both Britain and Japan as possible. This is an important case study in relation to how to accomplish technology transfer on one hand and to exclude corporate control by foreign capital on the other.We tried and showed how to conceive totally the history that Japan, a developing country at that time, could receive arms transfer from Britain which had already attained a great power at the end of 19^<th> century, and Japanese munition and foreign affiliated companies could manufacture various weapons by themselves and Japan could accomplish 'a kind of military independence.'We wrote a manuscript on the actual conditions of manufacturing various weapons by Kure arsenal in relation to the above topics, and researched munition-steel companies under Mitsubishi financial group's control, but not published them as well as total presentation on corporate governance of the foreign affiliated companies. Less