How Were Bacteria Understood in Evolutionary Theories in 19th century?

这个为期三年的项目是为了确定细菌在世纪进化理论中的地位。头两年花在调查现存的材料有关这一特殊的主题。意识到实际上材料是多么的少，我扩大了我的研究领域，包括，例如，引起植物疾病的真菌;关于这方面的材料更丰富，因为它们是世纪马铃薯和咖啡枯萎病的一个著名原因。然而，有一些关于英国细菌学家的有趣文献，他们不相信细菌的物种特异性，而更相信频繁的突变是细菌的特征。英国的卫生学家同情德国的卫生学家，比如慕尼黑的马克斯·冯·佩滕克夫，而不是柏林的罗伯特·科赫。科赫和费迪南德·科恩支持物种特异性，但卡尔·冯·纳格利和汉斯·布赫纳支持频繁的细菌突变。英国的卫生学家倾向于反对科赫，他们很容易相信细菌的进化。

This three-year project was undertaken to determine the place of bacteria in evolutionary theories in the 19th century. The first two years were spent on an investigation of extant material relating to this peculiar theme. Realizing how few materials there actually were, I extended my field of research to include, for example, fungi which caused plant disease; materials concerning which are more abundant as they were such a noted cause of potato and coffee blight in the 19th century.However, there was some interesting literature about English bacteriologists, who believed less in species specificity and more in frequent mutation as being characteristic of bacteria. English sanitarians sympathized with the German sanitarians such as Max von Pettenkofer in Munich, rather than with Robert Koch in Berlin. Koch, together with Ferdinand Cohn supported species specificity, but Carl von Nageli and Hans Buchner supported frequent bacterial mutation. English sanitarians, who tended to oppose Koch, believed easily in the evolution of bacteria.