Study oh the "Entjudung of Economy" (Arisierung) in the Third Reich

“经济发展”是用来描述纳粹德国将犹太人从经济活动中清除出去的术语。从1933年1月的“机械革命”后，犹太人开始被驱逐出经济领域，尽管这是相当混乱的。然而，到1937年底，政府开始正式推动这一做法，将其变成国家政策。作为国家政策，“Entjudung”是使用以下两种方法之一进行的：犹太公司的清算，或将其所有权转移给德国人（“雅利安化”）。这一政策的实施对犹太人的社会和经济产生了诸多影响，然而，消灭犹太人和清算犹太人的公司并不仅仅是反犹太人的激情。经济理性也得到了重视。在四年计划的控制经济中，原材料的有效分配和劳动力的适当安置受到了强烈的追求。纺织业很快成为争论的焦点，因为在这个行业中有很多犹太公司和德国劳动力，纺织业作为一个整体被认为在战争经济中供过于求。许多中小型企业试图通过兼并和收购来生存。随着生存斗争变得激烈，反犹太行动增加，犹太公司被“雅利安化”。但是，通过雅利安化隐藏公司的犹太人特征，使得国家的公司分类和清算政策无法执行。在这种情况下，一个反犹太组织在纺织业的活动让赖希政府意识到有必要制定一项立法，正式界定“犹太公司”，并确定“确定”的程序。与此同时，赖希经济部的犹太人问题部门也进行了重组。

"Entjudung of economy" is the term used to describe the elimination of Jews from economic activities in Nazi Germany. The driving out of Jews from economy began to occur after the "Machtergreifung" in January 1933, though it was rather disorderly. However, by late 1937 the government began to officially promote this practice by turning it into state policy. As state policy, "Entjudung" was carried out using one of the following two method : the liquidation of Jewish firms, or the transferring of their ownership to Germans ("Aryanization"). The implementation of this policy had many ramifications on Jewish society and economy.However, the elimination of Jews and the liquidation of their companies were not performed only by anti-Semitic passion. Economic rationality was also made much of. In controlled economy of the four years plan, effective distribution of raw materials and appropriate placement of workforce was intensively pursued.The textile industry became soon the focus of controversy, because there were a lot of Jewish firms and German workforce in this industry, and the textile industry as a whole was considered to be oversupplied in the war economy. Many small and medium-sized businesses tried to survive by mergers and acquisitions. As the struggle for existence became fierce, anti-Jewish actions increased, and Jewish firms were "aryanized". But the concealment of Jewish character of a firm through Aryanization made execution of the company-sorting and liquidation policy of the state impossible. A rule was needed that should satisfy both anti-Semitism and economic rationality.In this situation, the activity of an anti-Jewish organization in the textile industry let the Reich government realize necessity of a legislation which formally defines a "Jewish firm" and determines the procedure of "Entjudung". In parallel with this, reorganization of the department of Jewish problem in the Reich Ministry of Economy was performed, too.