The Cycle of Reform and Resistance in Contemporary Japan : Populism vs. Clientelism

自1975年以来，在日本和美国都出现了一系列爆发，在政治不信任日益增加的背景下，一位业余政治家因其反专业的局外人风格而获得了意想不到的人气和强大的政治支持。最近的政治学家将这种现象称为民粹主义热潮。最初，民粹主义的概念指的是俄罗斯的民粹主义，北美的民粹主义/进步主义和拉丁美洲的左翼独裁领导的政治政权。然而，在这些年里，一种新型的民粹主义出现在美国和日本等国家。在美国美国，总统使用了新的民粹主义政治策略，即“公开”，以克服来自国会和/或强大利益集团的阻力。这是越来越频繁，因为餐饮管理。此外，直接民主以新民粹主义的名义，多以反税赋的形式出现， ...更多信息 提香在那里的群众中越来越受欢迎。在日本，民粹主义浪潮的代表是1976年的新自由主义俱乐部，1989年的土井麦当娜热潮，1993年的日本新党和2001年的小泉真纪子热潮。每一位民粹主义政治家都面临着以田中（角荣）派及其追随者为代表的裙带政治。这种对抗与美国的城市政治机器和改革运动有许多相似之处，那些民粹主义者在日本大多是短命的。小泉是个例外。本文主要探讨他何以能独力维持多年的民望，并最终成功地进行大刀阔斧的改革。为了回答这一问题，笔者对小泉改革进行了公路公团改革、邮政民营化、向伊拉克派遣自卫队、朝鲜绑架事件等四个案例的研究。迄今为止，日本政治学者普遍强调制度因素对小泉领导力的重要性，特别是桥本内阁时期的制度改革成果。与此相反，我的研究揭示了小泉的马基雅维利式领导能力的重要性，他长期担任派系（副）领导人的经验以及他大胆冒险的政治风格。少

Since 1975, both in Japan and the United States, there have emerged a series of eruptions in which an amateur politician obtained unexpected popularity and strong political support because of his/her anti-professional, outsider style, in the background of increasing political mistrust. The recent political scientist names this phenomenon as populist upsurge. Originally, the concept of populism referred to Russian Narodoniki, North American Populism/Progressivism and the Latin American political regimes of leftist oriented authoritarian leadership. In these years, however, a new type of populism appeared in the United Sates and Japan, among other countries. In the U. S., the President has used the new populist political strategy, namely "going public," to overcome the resistance from the Congress and/or powerful interest groups. This became more and more frequent since the Cater Administration. In addition, direct democracy in the name of new populism, mostly in the form of anti-tax ini … More tiative became increasingly popular among the masses there. In Japan, populist upsurges have been represented by the New Liberal Club in 1976, the Doi's Madonna boom in 1989, the Japan New Party in 1993, and the Koizumi-Makiko boom in 2001. Each populist politician has confronted the clientelistic politics symbolized by Tanaka (Kakuei) Faction and its followers. This confrontation has many similarities to that of urban political machine and reform movement in the United States.Most of those populists are short lived in Japan. Koizumi was an exception. This study focuses why he alone had maintained strong popularity and popular support for several years and finally succeeded in drastic reforms. In order to answer to this question, I conducted four case studies on Koizumi Reforms : reform of highway public corporation, privatization of postal services, sending of Defense Forces to Iraq, and North Korean abduction cases.So far, the political scientists in Japan commonly emphasize the importance of institutional factors to explain Koizumi's strong leadership, particularly the outcome of institutional reforms introduced during the Hashimoto Cabinet. In contrast, my research revealed the importance of Koizumi's Machiavellian leadership ability, his long experience as a faction (sub) leader and his bold, and risk-taking political style.. Less