Summer Residences and Retreats of the Rulers around Mount Vulture. Living Comfort and Experience of Nature in the Late Hohenstaufen-Early Angevin Southern Italy

中世纪盛期住宅形成的建筑维度及其所揭示的历史文化和地理联系尚未得到充分研究。对于意大利南部，深入的研究仅限于巴勒莫和福贾附近的诺曼和霍亨斯陶芬晚期居住区。Lagopesole、Gravina和Palazzo San Gervasio位于Apulia和Basilicata树木茂密的地区，在某些方面，Castel del Monte构成了一个功能和地理上相互关联的群体，是hohenstauen晚期- Angevin早期的夏季住宅和接近自然的静修场所。除了蒙特城堡，对其建筑和功能历史的详细研究在很大程度上是缺乏的。在柏林洪堡大学的艺术史学家、因斯布鲁克大学的历史建筑研究人员和波坦察大学的中世纪学家的合作下，这些建筑群将首次提交给跨学科的比较研究。该项目的重点是Lagopesole，这是一个早期的、研究不充分的乡村夏季住宅与景观协调的例子。在1242年到1280年之间，腓特烈二世皇帝很可能曾在这里居住过，西西里国王曼弗雷德和安茹国王查理一世也曾在这里居住过。这些夏季住宅的生活风格反映了中世纪盛期欧洲、北非和地中海东部的跨文化交流过程。项目的研究重点是建筑与景观的相互关系。对于政治形象（建筑作为“权力的象征”/Herrschaftszeichen），也需要进行解释。该项目的方法论基础是通过历史建筑研究，精确观察，建筑调查和图纸，深入的调查结果分析，以及相关历史资料的处理。这构成了解决以下功能性历史问题的必要条件：1)仪式，节日文化和休闲（包括通过带有宽窗户的高架式宴会厅来感知自然，身心娱乐，在邻近的树林里打猎）；2)特定于住宅的生活舒适度（带退房的公寓楼层、带节日大厅的宫殿、防御潜力和城堡的使用、教堂、房屋供暖、洗浴设施、集成通风和污水处理的厕所、社会区别的证据）；3)综合设施的经济利用、运输物流和物资（道路网络、附近湖泊的定期捕鱼、水路、蓄水池、马厩）。Lagopesole的建筑雕塑有助于定义宫廷使用环境和景观参考，因此在项目框架内的全面展示和欧洲范围的语境化至关重要。

The architectural dimension of residence formation in High Middle Ages and the historico-cultural and geographical links it reveals have not been fully investigated. For Southern Italy there are in-depth studies only on the Norman and late Hohenstaufen residence areas around Palermo and Foggia. The complexes of Lagopesole, Gravina, and Palazzo San Gervasio in densely wooded parts of Apulia and Basilicata, and, in certain regards Castel del Monte, constitute a both functionally and geographically interrelated group of late Hohenstaufen-early Angevin summer residences and near-to-nature retreats. Except for Castel del Monte, more detailed studies of their architectural and functional history are largely lacking. In collaboration between art historians from the Humboldt University of Berlin, historical building researchers from the University of Innsbruck, and a medievalist from the University of Potenza, these complexes will for the first time be submitted to interdisciplinary, comparative investigation. The focus of the project is Lagopesole, an early and inadequately researched example of a rural summer residence in tune with the landscape. Between 1242 and 1280, Emperor Frederic II is likely to have resided here, and it was certainly used by King Manfred of Sicily and King Charles I of Anjou.The style of life at these summer residences is seen to reflect transcultural exchange processes in High Medieval Europe, North Africa and the Eastern Mediterranean. The research focus of the project is on the reciprocal relationship between building and landscape. Interpretation is also required with respect to political iconography (architecture as “token of power”/Herrschaftszeichen).The methodological basis for the project is provided by historical building research, precise observation, building surveys and drawings, in-depth findings analysis, and the processing of relevant historical sources. This constitutes the indispensable condition for addressing the following issues of functional history:1) Ceremonial, festivity culture, and leisure (incl. staging of nature perception through elevated banqueting halls with wide windows; physical and mental recreation; hunting in the neighbouring woods);2) Residence-specific living comfort (flights of apartments with withdrawing rooms, palas with festive hall, defensive potentiality and use of the keep, chapels, heating of the premises, bathing facilities, toilets with integrated ventilation and sewage disposal, evidence of social distinctions);3) Economic use, transport logistics and supplies for the complexes (road network, regular fishing of nearby lakes, water lines, cisterns, stables). The architectural sculpture of Lagopesole contributes to defining courtly use contexts and landscape reference, so that comprehensive presentation and Europe-wide contextualization within the framework of the project are crucial.