Compensatory conviction as a Function of Uncertainty Orientation and Culture

本研究是对防御行为的跨文化研究。它结合了补偿信念的概念，除了测量其他关键的个体差异变量。具体而言，本研究以不确定性取向、文化、困境类型、外显自尊、内隐自尊为自变量，以社会问题信念和社会越轨行为为因变量，通过测量被试的不确定性取向、沿着外显自尊和内隐自尊，预测被试对社会问题的防御态度和行为。参与者是日本和加拿大的大学生。加拿大大学生195人，日本大学生90人，不确定性取向存在跨文化差异，这与我们以前的研究结果一致。有更多的不确定性导向的参与者（UO）在加拿大的样本比他们的日本文化的同行。对每个国家内所取样本的分析表明，加拿大样本中的未成年人比例明显高于非成年人参与者。另一方面，日本样本的CO比例明显高于UO。更重要的是，该研究的主要假设得到了支持：作为一个个体，其对不确定性的取向与其文化取向不同（即，加拿大CO和日本UO）与防御性自尊和信念反应有关。也就是说，不确定性取向、文化、外显自尊和内隐自尊之间存在交互作用。具有慢性/文化的不确定性取向不匹配，强调那些拥有防御性自尊的信念反应。三种不同的定罪措施证实了这一点。

The present study is a cross-cultural exploration of defensive behavior. It incorporates the concept of compensatory conviction in addition to measuring other critical individual difference variables. Specifically, participants' uncertainty orientation, along with explicit and implicit self-esteem, were assessed and used to predict their defensive attitudes and behaviors towards social issues.The major design of the present study utilized Uncertainty Orientation x Culture x Dilemma Type x Explicit Self-Esteem x Implicit Self-Esteem as independent variables, with conviction of social issues and social transgressions as dependent variables. Participants were university students in Japan and Canada. The Canadian sample consisted of 195 undergraduates, and the Japanese sample of 90 undergraduates.Consistent with our previous research, there were cross-cultural differences in uncertainty orientation. There were more Uncertainty Oriented participants (UOs) in the Canadian sample than in their Japanese cultural counterparts. An analysis of the samples taken within each country revealed that the Canadian sample had a significantly greater proportion of UOs than Certainty Oriented participants (COs). On the other hand, the Japanese sample had a significantly greater proportion of COs than UOs. More importantly, the main hypothesis of the study was supported : Being an individual that has an orientation towards uncertainty which differs from that of one's culture's orientation(i.e., Canadian COs and Japanese UOs) was related to defensive self-esteem and conviction response. That is, there was an interaction between uncertainty orientation, culture, and explicit and implicit self-esteem. Having a chronic/cultural uncertainty orientation mismatch accentuated conviction responses for those possessing defensive self-esteem. This was corroborated with three different conviction measures.