Life risks, social relations and topography of the "alien" class in the urban society of Halle (Saale), 1939-1945

在第二次世界大战期间，哈勒（萨勒）地方社会发展成为一个多民族社会。1944年至1945年，外国人在当地人口中的比例超过10%。来自几乎所有欧洲国家的战俘、平民和强迫劳动者组成的异质群体有一个共同点，即他们被纳粹政权视为“Fremdvölkische”，因此（根据种族主义标准分级）被视为权利低下的人。战争经济迫切需要他们的劳动力，以至于政府接受了他们所承担的政治和生物危险，并将由一个（分级）镇压性的日常制度来控制。因此，纳粹本身构成了"fremdvölkische”（外来）劳动力的政治阶层。该项目将在德国一个主要城市的微观层面上，通过在一般和当地条件的初步草图的基础上追求三个指导性问题，撰写这个外来阶层的社会和日常历史：这些风险是如何塑造他们在当地社会中的自我形象的？外国人阶级的成员在他们自己之间以及与德国人之间发展了什么样的互动模式，这些社会关系在多大程度上是由纳粹政权制度化的城市社会的种族主义秩序和外国人和德国人的日常做法所塑造的？最后，这些互动如何改变了城市空间，纳粹政权建立的种族主义秩序如何凝聚在哈雷的社会地形中？因此，与其他关于第二次世界大战期间外国工人的当地研究相比，本项目的研究兴趣主要不是针对纳粹机构的政策或对这一阶层的商业活动。相反，多民族城市社会的日常生活应该从生活条件、社会关系和外来阶级的代理人的角度来分析。

The local society of Halle (Saale) developed into a multi-ethnic one during the Second World War. In 1944/45, the proportion of foreigners in the local population was over ten percent. The heterogeneous group of prisoners of war, civilian and forced laborers from almost all European countries had in common that they were regarded as „Fremdvölkische“ by the Nazi regime and thus (in degrees graded according to racist criteria) as people of inferior rights. Their labor was needed so urgently by the war economy that the political and biological dangers assumed in them were accepted by the government and were to be contained by a (graded) repressive everyday regime. Thus, the Nazis themselves constituted the political class of the „fremdvölkische“ (alien) labor force.The project will write a social and everyday history of this alien class on the micro-level of a major German city by pursuing three guiding questions on the basis of a preliminary sketch of the general and local conditions: What specific life risks (i.e., those that distinguished them from the German citizens of Halle and differentiated them among themselves) were members of the alien class exposed to, and how did these risks shape their self-image in local society? What patterns of interaction did the members of the alien class develop among themselves and with the Germans, and to what extent were these social relations shaped by the racist order of urban society institutionalized by the Nazi regime on the one hand, and by everyday practices of foreigners and Germans on the other? Finally, how did these interactions change the urban space, and how did the racist order established by the Nazi regime condense within the social topography of Halle?Thus, in contrast to other local studies on the foreign workers during the Second World War, the research interest of this project is not primarily directed at the policies of the Nazi institutions or the bussinesses towards this class. Rather, the everyday life of a multi-ethnic urban society is to be analyzed from the point of view of the living conditions, social relations, and the agency of the alien class.