Multidisciplinary Researches on the Societies of the Niger Bend

我们在1986年进行的第一次实地考察取得的成果概括如下：1.考察了尼日尔本德地区通过北非阿拉伯文化和撒哈拉以南非洲文化的接触而发展起来的重要文化艺术，(1)马术文化，(2)编织和服装，(3)乐器，(4)造泥。在这些社会中观察到的基本身体动作，(1)双膝完全伸展的站立工作，(2)在头部负重，(3)四肢的使用进行了分析。牛的配种师富拉尼在马西纳与农业民族建立了共生关系。从这个共生的角度来研究富拉尼社会的社会分层。通过与扎伊尔的案例比较，研究尼日尔本德的一个渔猎部落博佐人与邻近农业民族共生关系的问题和方法。许多牧民在…市定居更多的人继续饲养小动物、山羊和绵羊。本研究以赛果公司为例进行分析。由于法国的殖民统治和独立以来的政治，博佐人在技术和组织领域都发生了巨大的变化。通过渔业技术的变化和渔区的扩大，传统的对水的精神和“水主”权利的信仰也随之被削弱。在班巴拉人中，成长社团具有重要的社会和宗教功能。本研究对科特社会的案例进行了分析。在这一地区的社会中，世袭和内婚制的音乐家和赞美者有权公开向村民乞讨。通过深入的个案研究，对他们在乡村社会中的作用和乞讨机制进行了深入的研究，通过本项目第一年的田野调查，可以厘清这些多民族共生社会的一些方面，主要集中在该地区的西部地区。我们打算深化这方面的研究，同时将我们的研究领域扩展到尼日尔本德河中部和东部。较少

The results obtained by our first field research carried out in 1986 are summarized as follows;1. Of important cultural tralts developed in the Niger Bend area through the contact between North-African Arab culture and Sub-Saharan African cultures, (1) equestrian culture, (2) weaving and clothing, (3) musical instruments, and (4) mud buiiding are examined.2. Of the fundamental physical movements observed in these societies, (1) standing work with the both knees fully extended, (2) carrying the burden on the head, and (3) usage of the limbs are analyzed.3. The cattle pastralist Fulani have established in Macina a symbiotic relationship with agricul- tural peoples. The social stratification of the Fulani society is studied in this symbiotic aspect.4. The problems and methods to study the symbiotic relation of the Bozo, a fishing and hunting tribe in the Niger Bend, with neighbouring agricultural peoples are examined in comparison with the case of Zaire.5. Many herders settled in the city … More continue to breed small animals, goats and sheep. This study analyzes the case of Segou.6. Drastic changes have been caused among the Bozo, both in technical and organizational domains, by the French colonization and by the politics taken since independence.7. Through changes caused in the fishing rechnique and by the extension of the fishing area, the traditional belief in the water spirits and the rights of the "Master of Water" habe been weakened concomitantly.8. Among the Bambara, initiation societies have important social and religious functions. This study analizes the case of the society 'kote'.9. In the societies of this area, the 'griots' hereditary and endogamous musicians and praise- singers, have the right to beg openly to the villagers. Their role in the rural society and the mechanism of begging are studied by an intensive case stydy.Thus, by the field research of the first yrear of our project, we could clarify some aspects of these multi-ethnic symbiotic societies mainly in the western part of this area. We intend to deepen the study in this direction, in extending at the same time the field of our research into the cintral and eastern parts of the Niger Bend. Less