ANTHROPOLOGICAL STUDY ON DIRECTED CHANGE AND REGIONAL ADAPTATIONS IN KENYA

该项目在肯尼亚的六个民族(Gusii、Isukha、Kipsigis、Kuria、Luo和Mbere)中进行了一项人类学研究，了解这些社会如何适应政府发起的各种国家建设政策带来的外在社会文化变化。该项目的部分调查结果总结如下：1.妇女自助团体始于1980年代的农业社会，此后越来越多地成为政府政策的积极接受者和活动家。他们的人数正在稳步增加，他们的目标和内部管理也变得越来越多样化。传统的性别关系仍然完好无损，这从当地新兴产业的劳工组织、当地自助团体的管理以及人们对现代计划生育方法的反应中可以看到。法律和司法改革仍然不足以根除固定的、歧视性的…更多的性别关系。妇女志愿团体通常在决策过程中更民主，在成员中对外来者的开放程度远远高于男子或男性占主导地位的志愿团体。最近实行的多党制在肯尼亚人民中引起了高度的政治兴趣，但同时也有助于激活人们的部落主义情绪，这将阻碍他们民族意识的发展。各种基督教教派自传入殖民时期的肯尼亚以来，已成为当地文化不可分割的一部分，在独立后更是如此。教会管理以及对基督教教义和仪式的解释在每个地区都是独一无二的，反映了当地的文化和社会。村级法院在形式上不在国家司法系统之外，但它们作为一个附属司法机构发挥着重要作用，特别是在其习惯法仲裁方面。上述发现对非洲未来的人类学研究提出了挑战。这些发现促使我们重新思考民族国家、民族文化和非洲化等关键概念的定义，以及国家与种族之间的关系。我们将继续进行比较研究，通过深入研究与发展项目和非政府组织活动有关的文化变化来扩大我们的视野。较少

The Project carried out an anthropological research in six ethnic groups in Kenya (the Gusii, Isukha, Kipsigis, Kuria, Luo, and Mbere), regarding how these societies had been making themselves adjusted to the exogenous socio-cultural changes induced through various sorts of Government-initiated nation building policies. A part of the Project's findings is summarized as follows :1. Women's self-help groups that started in farming societies in 1980s have since tended more and more to function as positive recipients and campaigners of government policies. Their number is steadily increasing and they have become more and more diverse in their objectives and internal managements.2. Traditional gender relationships are still preserved intact, as seen in the labor organization of new local industries, the management of local self-help groups, and people's reactions towards modern family planning methods. Legal and judicial reform remains insufficient for eradicating the fixed, discriminatory … More gender relationships.3. Women's voluntary groups are generally more democratic in decision making process and they are far more open to outsiders in membership than men's or male dominated voluntary groups.4. Recently introduced multi-party system has brought a hightened political interest among Kenyan people, but at the same time it is instrumental for activating people's tribalistic sentiment, which would obstruct development of their national consciousness.5. Various Christian denominations have become an integral part of local culture since their introduction into colonial Kenya and more conspicuously so after Independence. Both the church administration and the interpretation of Christian dogmas and rituals are unique in each region, reflecting its indigenous culture and society.6. Village courts, or barazas, are formally outside of the national judicial system, but they are playing an important part as a subsidiary judicial apparatus particularly in terms of their arbitration by customary laws.The above findings are challenging to the future anthropological research in Africa. These findings urge that we rethink definitions of such key concepts as nation state, national culture and Africanization, as well as the relationship obtaining between the state and ethnicity. We shall continue our comparative research, expanding our horizons by delving into cultural changes that have occurred in connection with development projects and NGO's activities. Less