HERITAGE AND MUSEUM IN JAPAN AND FRANCE

最近在日本，有一种趋势，即文化财产（文化财）和博物馆的存在越来越具有社会意义。本研究在对日本、欧洲（特别是法国）和美国进行了为期三年的调查的基础上，从比较的角度探讨了这种倾向的含义。在我们的研究的各种结果中，首先应该注意的是，日本和法国对“文化财产”一词的定义完全不同。法语单词“patrimoine”意味着重新评估被遗弃的东西并将这些物品作为公共财产加以保护的意愿。因此，在法国，文化财产的制度性保护在维持社会秩序方面发挥着核心作用，因为通过不断地重新评价遗产的意义，社会本身（以及历史）也在被重新定义。而在日本，当使用“文化财”一词时，并不意味着要重新评价和公开被遗弃的东西。日本的传统不是通过保存实物来保持的，而是通过以某种“形式”重新呈现和实现过去应该存在的东西来保持的。(This可以称之为“现实化的逻辑”。因此，保存这些物体本身并不被认为是非常重要的。此外，博物馆一般是由西方现代性的自然历史愿望而产生的，而日本没有这种愿望，博物馆作为一个机构在日本完全安装之前花了相当长的时间。

Recently in Japan, there is a tendency that increasing social significance has given to the existence of cultural properties (Bunkazai) and museums. Based on three-year-survey in Japan, Europe (especially France) and United States, this research project aims to inquire into the meaning of this tendency in a comparative point of view.Among various findings of our study, what should be noted primarily is the fact that the definition of the word "cultural properties" is totally different between Japan and France. The French word "patrimoine" implies a will to re-evaluate what has been abandoned and to conserve these objects as public properties. Therefore, it can be said that in France the institutional conservation of cultural property plays a central role in the sustenance of social order because by constantly re-evaluating the significance of heritages, the society itself (and its history) is also re-defined.In Japan, on the other hand, when the word "bunkazai" is used, it is not implied to re-evaluate and make public what has been abandoned. Tradition in Japan has been maintained not through the conservation of the objects but by re-presenting and realizing in a certain "form" what is supposed to have existed in the past. (This can be called "a logic of actualization" .) Thus the conservation of the objects as itself was not considered to be of much importance. What is more, the museum in general was given birth by the natural historical desire of occidental modernity and as Japan did not share this kind of desire, it took quite sometime before the museum as an institution was fully installed this country.