Historical studies on the reception of European modern science in Islamic countries.

20世纪70年代，随着石油输出国组织(OPEC)的成立和伊朗革命，穆斯林开始寻找自己的身份，研究自己的历史。他们认识到他们过去辉煌的科学与现在的情况之间的差距。许多有争议的人都在争论伊斯兰教和当代科学的问题。本研究代表了四个人讨论这些问题，并详细调查了第一个问题。纳斯尔：文明批评家，多产的伊朗作家。他的思想是以灵知主义和伊朗传统思想为基础的，他坚持回归伊斯兰传统，其中蕴含着真实性。布凯勒：法国著名医生，最好的《圣经、古兰经和科学》的作者。他说，当代科学的成果在《古兰经》中已经有了描述，因此，科学家应该真诚地阅读古兰经。萨达尔：一名在英国工作的记者。他强调拯救人类未来的多元思想，并展示了伊斯兰思想的许多规范。阿尔-法鲁奇。作为真正的穆斯林，身处不同境遇的四人在对抗当代欧洲科学和社会的同时，也在争论着如何捍卫伊斯兰教中的伊斯兰教义

In the 1970s with the formation of OPEC and the Iranian Revolution, Muslims got to look for their identity and to study their own history. They recognized the gap between their past glorious science and the present situation. A lot of disputants are arguing about the problem of Islam and the present-day science. This study represents four individuals discussing the problems, and investigates the first one in detail.1. Nasr : a civilization criticism, prolific Iranian writer. His thoughts are based upon gnocisism and Iranian traditional thought, and he insists on the return to the Islamic tradition, which contains the Reality2. Bucaille : a famous French doctor, the author of best "Bible, Qur'an and the Science" He says that the results of the contemporary science are already described in Qur'an, and therefore, scientists should read Qur'_n sincerely.3. Sardar : a journalist acting in England. He stresses upon the plurality of thoughts in order to save the human future, and shows many norms from Islamic thoughts.4. al-Faruqi. He insists upon the 'Islamization of Science' and moreover 'Islamization of Knowledge', and thinks much of the Islamic education to the younger.As true Muslims the four persons, who are in different situations, are arguing how to defend tawhid in Islam against the contemporary Europe science and society