Functional and morphological characteristics of venous system with special references in cardiovascular regulation

为了阐明静脉运输的模式，我们研究了犬离体静脉力学特性的区域差异和静脉瓣膜分布的原理。静脉扩张率有明显的区域差异。静脉壁的不均匀扩张性是根据静脉壁弹性纤维成分结构和平滑肌细胞含量的局部差异来理解的。在所有分离的犬静脉中，最大的扩张是门静脉。门静脉平滑肌的激活也使所有静脉的扩张性降低幅度最大。静脉瓣定位的解剖学和功能原理总结如下：(1)在人、猴、狗和兔的静脉系统中，静脉瓣总是在静脉角和腹股沟韧带的位置观察到，而(2)在上下腔静脉中没有发现。(3)人和猴腿肌深静脉的静脉瓣数明显多于狗和兔腿。(4)当存在静脉瓣膜时，主干静脉的上游区室总有支流汇合处。(5)静脉瓣多出现在关节运动、肌腱、筋膜拉伸等外力压迫静脉的部位。用乙醛酸法研究了猴、狗和兔静脉胺能神经纤维分布的区域和种间差异。在所有动物中，静脉曲张的胺能神经纤维在腹腔静脉和门静脉中分布最密集。神经支配密度的递减顺序为：猴>，狗>，兔>。

To elucidate the mode of venous transport, we have undertaken to study regional differences in mechanical characteristics of the isolated canine veins and the principles in the distritution of venous valves. There were marked regional differences in the venous distensibility. The non-uniform distensibility of venous walls was understood in terms of local differences in the architecture of elastic fiber components and the content of smooth muscle cells in the venous walls. The largest distensibility in all isolated canine veins was observed in the hilar portal vein. Activation of venous smooth muscles in the portal vein also caused the largest reduction of the distensibility in all veins. The anatomical and functional principles in the localization of venous valves were summarized as follows: (1) In the human, monkey, dog and rabbit venous systems the valves were always observed at the positions of the venous angles and the inguinal ligaments, but (2) were not found in the superior and inferior caval veins. (3) The numbers of venous valves in the deep intramuscular veins of human and monkey legs were greater than those in dog and rabbit legs. (4) When venous valves existed, a confluence of tributaries always could be found in the upstream compartmentof the main vein. (5) The venous valves were always found at the positions where the veins were compressed by extrinsic forces produced by the movement of joints and the stretch of tendons and fasciae. Regional and spieces differences in distribution of aminergic nerve fibers in monkey, dog and rabbit veins were als investigated by use of glyoxylic acid technique. In all animals, aminergic nerve fibers with varicoses innervated most densely in abdominal caval veins and portal veins. The decreasing order of the innervation density was as follows: monkey> dog> rabbit.