Integrated Study of Human Skeletal Non-metric Characters, with Special Reference to Their Heritabilities

我们，人类骨骼非公制字符研究小组，合作促进这些字符在体质人类学、考古学和系统学等领域的使用。在这一研究期内，我们特别关注从不同的角度研究这些性状的一些遗传方面，并通过三次专题讨论会，讨论了这些性状的标准化记录及其在人类生物学和考古学研究中的应用的一些方法问题。主要研究结果如下：1。通过对绳纹人听觉外生频率的统计分析，揭示了绳纹人听觉外生频率在地理上的显著差异，提示寒冷的水生刺激可能是绳纹人听觉外生特征的主要致病因素，并建议多因子遗传模型适用于绳纹人听觉外生特征的分析。2. 至于大多数非公制颅骨特征，这些特征在人口比较中更为普遍，它们的频率在绳纹人和弥生人之间发生了巨大变化，但从弥生人到现代日本人并没有发生实质性变化。这样的证据应该被解释为来自这些字符比公制骨架字符更容易遗传的事实。3. 利用非度量的颅骨特征，提出了将个体骨骼定位到某一类群和估计个体间血缘关系的方法，并在一些考古案例中得到了成功的应用。4. 通过对家谱资料、双胞胎资料和亲属资料的分析，对头盖骨、颅骨后骨、腭和牙冠的非度量性状进行了合理的遗传评价。5. 从群体遗传学的角度出发，提出了一种基于多因子遗传模型阈值的非公制变异遗传系数估算方法，并预测了非公制变异在两组混合人群中的发病率。6. 从种群遗传学的角度成功地分析了一个孤立人群中非度量骨骼性状的发生率。7. 非计量颅骨特征也被应用于非人类灵长类动物，特别是日本猕猴的生物学亲和性研究，证明是非常有希望的。少

We, the study group of human skeletal non-metric characters, have collaborated to facilitate the use of those characters in such fields as physical anthropology, archaeology and systematics. In this research term, we were especially concerned with studying some genetic aspects of those characters from quite diversified perspectives, and through three times of symposia, discussed some methodological problems for the standardisation of recording such sort of cherecters and the application to human biological and archeological studies. The main results obtained are as follows: 1. The statistic analysis of auditory exostosis frequencies revealed an intriguing geographic variation among Jomon people, and suggested that a cold aquatic stimulus can be considered as a major causative factor of manifesting the trait also in Jomon people and that the multifactorial inheritance model should be applicable to analyse it. 2. As to a majority of non-metric cranial characters, which have been very pop … More ular in population comparison, their frequencies proved to have drastically changed between the Jomon and Yayoi people, but have not substantially changed from the Yayoi through modern Japanase. Such evidence should be interpreted as coming from the fact that those characters are more heritable than metric skeletal characters. 3. Both the methods of positioning an individual skeleton into some group, and of estimating consanguinity among individuals, were proposed using non-metric cranial characters, and proved very successful when being applied to some archaeological cases. 4. Non-metric characters on the cranium, post-cranial skeleton, palatine and tooth crown have been reasonably evaluated their heritabilities through analising pedigree data and those from twins and relatives. 5. A new method has been proposed in terms of population genetics to estimate the heritability coefficient of non-metric variants and to expect the incidences of them in human populations that two groups mixed, based on the multi-factorial inheritance model thresholds. 6. The incidences of non-metric skeletal characters in an isolated human population, was successfully analysed in terms of population genetics. 7. Non-metric cranial characters were applied also to study the biological affinity of non-human primates, specifically of Japanese macaques, and it proved very promissing. Less