Reproductive Biology of Dolly Varden (Salmonidae)

多利瓦尔登，Salvelinus malma广泛分布在北美太平洋沿岸和朝鲜的尤尔河到苏联的阿纳德尔河沿岸。北海道是它们分布的南部边界。我们比较了北海道和阿拉斯加狐猴种群的遗传变异。居住在北海道的多利瓦登是内陆形式，没有一个种群的基因渗入到其他种群。在形态和酶谱上有三个完全不同的种群。11个居群中有9个居群的遗传距离小于0.025。赤哈斯河种群与石喀里贝苏湖种群间差异较大（D=0.126），与其他9个种群间差异较大（D=0.030 ~ 0.075）。另一方面，由溯河种群和河栖种群组成的阿拉斯加种群只显示出很小的遗传差异。这表明阿拉斯加种群之间有一些基因流动。我们可以在科迪亚克岛的卡鲁克湖同时捕获阿拉斯加北极charr和Dolly Varden的样本。这些鱼在视觉上被识别出来，在形态特征上明显不同。酶谱也显示了这些同域居群的差异。在Karluk Dolly Varden中出现了北极炭样GPI-1 - 7 - 2型和PEP (Ll-1) 85等位基因，表明该地区可能存在北极炭基因向Dolly Varden的渗滤。这一点尤其值得注意，因为我们在阿拉斯加的其他州都没有看到这些模式。在未成熟的北极鲑的胃中发现了许多（100-200个）红鲑鱼卵，每条鱼约有20粒砾石，这表明它们的生殖能量间接依赖于北太平洋的产量。在阿拉斯加的海流型和溪居型的成熟雄鱼中，通常发现两种不同的交配策略。一些雄性直接与雌性交配，而另一些则作为裸奔者参与产卵。裸奔者潜入巢穴，并在成对产卵时释放精子。精子释放的平均成功率在配对中为97%，而在裸奔中只有47%，这取决于与雌性的距离。配对策略主要由主、次优势等级的雄性垄断。这些优势雄虫是最大的（叉长超过200毫米）和最老的（6岁以上）个体。这些体型较大的雄性在每个季节的交配成功率远远高于体型较小和较年轻的雄性。这项研究的详细报告被编辑并发表在一本名为“Varden（鲑科）多利的生殖生物学II”的书中。少

The Dolly Varden, Salvelinus malma is widely distributed along the Pacific coast of North America and along the coast from the yule River in Korea to the Anadyr River in the Soviet Union. Hokkaido is the southern limits of their distributions. We compared the genetic variations in the populations between Hokkaido and Alaskan charrs. The Dolly Varden inhabing Hokkaido are land-locked form and no introgression of genes from one population in others is assumed. There were three quite different populations in morphologies and also in zymograms. Nine populations out of 11 clustered at genetic distance less than 0.025. Chihase River and Shikaribesu lake populations differed greatly each other (D=0.126) and also differed from the other nine populations (D=0.030-0.075).On the other hand, the Alaskan populations of S. malma which consist of both the anadromous and river resident forms revealed only small genetic divergence. This suggests that the Alaskan populations have had some gene flow amon … More g the populations. We could captured samples of both Alaskan Arctic charr and Dolly Varden tegether in Karluk lake, Kodiak Island. These fish were visually identified and definitely distinct in morphological characteristics. Zymogram revealed also differences of these sympatric populations. The appearance of Arctic charr-like GPI-1 7 2 patters and of PEP (Ll-1) 85 allele in Karluk Dolly Varden, suggests that there may be some introgression of Arctic charr gene into Dolly Varden in the Karluk lake. This is especially noteworthy because we saw neither of those patterns in other Alaskan Dolly Varden. Many eggs (100-200) of sockye salmon with about 20 gravels per fish were found in the stomach of immature Arctic charr suggesting that they depend their reproductive energy indirectly on the North Pacific productionsThe two different mating tactics are commonly found among mature males of Dolly Varden of sea run form and stream resident form in Alaska. Some males pair directly with females, while others participate in spawning as streakers. Streakers rusk into nest and release sperm at the pair spawnings. Average success in sperm release was 97 % in pairing but only 47 % in streaking, and depended on the distance to the female. The pairing tactic was mostly monopolized by males of primary and secondary dominance rank. These dominant males were the largest (mere than 200 mm in fork length) and the oldest (more than 6 years old) individuals. The mating success of these larger males per season was much higher than that of the smaller and younger males. The detailed reports of this study were edited and published in a single book entitled "Reproductive Biology of Dolly of Varden (Salmonidae) II." Less