A Study of Shamanism in the Northern Parts of Kyuushu Japan

在九州岛北部的福冈、佐贺和长崎等县，有被称为“土宁”、“厚宁”或“大宁”的巫师。研究通过采访40名萨满进行，询问他们的生活史、信仰、宗教活动和他们对超自然存在的概念。萨满大多是女性(80%)，但也有男性，在这两种情况下，都超过60岁。从他们的生活史可以看出，在他们被萨满化之前，他们中的大多数人都患有因死亡或离婚而丧夫的疾病。然而，在某些情况下，他们说，在他们的家族中，总是有一个人天生就是萨满，他们已经完成了这一命运。萨满们通常在家里建造神殿，供奉他们的守护神。常见的神灵有两种：神道萨满中流行的“伊纳利”和佛教萨满中的“福豆”或其他神秘的佛教神灵。萨满们认为，疾病和不幸的根源往往是死灵附着在一个人身上的结果(“Shiryoukaze”)，或者是其他人的愤怒(“Ikiryoukaze”)。在“Shiryoukazetuki”的案例中，人们经常看起来无缘无故地发烧。还有一种叫Yakotsuki，这是一种精神疾病，据信是由一种名为Yako(野狐)的小邪恶动物引起的。萨满的主要宗教活动是：驱除邪恶的精灵、“奥塔祖恩”、“神风”或“雷兰奇”。“Otazune”是指一个人通过与萨满的守护神直接接触而询问自己的命运等时，“Kamiage”和“Reikanage”分别是当萨满听到被遗弃的灵魂或死亡的灵魂的声音时，这两种情况下都提供AP(“Okoowake”)的词来表示对超自然生物的粗鲁。

In the northern prefectures of kyuushuu, such as Fukuoka, Saga, and Nagasaki, there are found shamans who are called "Tounin," "Hounin," or "Dainin." Research was conducted by interviewing 40 shamans questioning them about their life-histories, beliefs, religious activities and their concept of super natural being. The shamans are mostly women (80 %), but there are also men, in both cases, more than 60 years old. From their life-histories we can say that before their shamanization, most of them suffered illness of loss of their husbands by death or divorce. However, in some cases they say that in their family lines there is always one person who is born to become a shaman and they have fulfilled that destiny. The shamans usually build their shrines in their homes to enshrine their guardian deities. Two types of deities are commonly found : "Inari" which is popular among Shinto shamans and "Fudou" or other esoteric Buddhism deities among Buddhism-oriented shamans. The shamans believe that the origin of disease and unhappiness is often the result of the dead spirit attaching itself to a person ("Shiryoukaze") or by the anger of other people ("Ikiryoukaze"). In the case of "Shiryoukazetuki", person often appears to be having a fever for no reason. There is also called "Yakotsuki" which is a kind of mental disease believed to be caused by a small evil animal called "Yako" (wild fox). The main religious activities of a shaman are : Exorcising a person of evil sprits, "Otazune," and "Kamiage" or "Reilanage." "Otazune" is when a person is asking about his fortune, etc. through direct contact with the shaman's guardian deities "Kamiage" and " Reikanage" are when a shaman hears the voices of the abandoned spirits or dead spirits, respectively, in both cases offering words of ap ology ("Okotowake") for one's rudeness to the super natural beings.