Analysis of Human Impacts on the Deterioration of an Aquatic Ecosystem in Korea and Development of a Computer-Aided System for Basin-Wide Management

罗洞河流域是韩国最大的河流流域之一。然而，流域经济的快速增长带来了水资源的短缺和河流的水污染。开发水资源的最大项目之一是在罗洞河河口修建一座水库。很明显，水库将提供大量的水资源，并支持下游流域各种活动的快速发展。然而，对河流水质和水库水质的控制力度不大，可能会破坏沿江和水库的水生态系统，因此迫切需要改变水库周边地区以及大邱等上游流域的用水和污水排放制度，以保护水库的水环境。本次合作研究的目的是开发一个基于WAST…的水环境综合管理计算机辅助系统在纳洞河流域开展了更多的电子水管理、农业和工业活动，采样点覆盖了纳洞河流域的整个区域。每年采样一次。外湾8月最大流量为99.71立方米/秒，4月最小流量为39.22立方米/秒。Hyeunpung的流量为134.05(6月)至61.41(4月)立方米/秒，而南吉10月和6月的流量分别为609.26立方米/秒和49.53立方米/秒。江南江水中BOD_5的分布范围为1.6~37.9 mg/L，锦湖的分布范围为0.9~74.4 mg/hm2。Hyeunpung的BOD5在14.8(12月1日)之间。至37.9(4月)Mg/L，表明咸平的水质受到严重污染的金浩河的显著影响。纳东河上游主要营养盐浓度范围为：TKN1.9~22.6 mg/L，NH3-N 0.8~21.9 mg/L，DT-N 2.2~32.9 mg/L，PO4-P 0.037~0.10 mg/L，DT-P 0.52~1.2 mg/L。锦浩河水体中NH_3-N为0.062-0.8 mg/L，PO4-P为0.007-0.56 mg/L，在MN-11采样点，下游水体中BOD_5最高为55.2 mg/L。BOD浓度计算平均值为7.3 mg/L，正磷酸盐(PO4-P)浓度范围为0.03~0.25 mg/L，平均值为0.089 mg/L(图5)。NH4-N浓度范围为0.09~3.28 mg/L，平均值为1.37 mg/l，K5站三卤代甲烷生成势为176.3ug/L。污水处理厂似乎将其废水中的大量前体排放到公共水体。TOC和THMFP之间有很强的相关性。在乃当净水厂，原水取自纳洞河。阿昌净水厂原水取自位于纳洞河上游流域的嘎厂大坝。结果表明，在预氯化过程中，THM迅速形成，并在配水系统中增多。研究了纳洞河水体中溶解的河流腐殖质(HA+FA)的特征和分布。江水中腐殖质的含量因地而异，康昌水为91.8 mg/3l，三南津水为4.3 mg/3l。溪流HA在康昌水中的含量明显高于亨榜水和三南津水。在康昌水中发现的大多数河流腐殖质，特别是河流HA，应该来自这些外部来源。根据已公布的信息，总结了人均或单位面积负荷对生活用水、牲畜和农田和森林的影响。并对单位职工单位工业废水负荷和单位产量进行了总结。为便于水务部门制定全流域水质综合管理规划，开发了一套方便快捷的软件。该系统能够估计流域的污染负荷，包括点源和非点源，并在实施替代管理计划后，根据当前负荷和预期负荷预测水体质量。系统的主要功能包括：1)污染源地质和行政填图的定义；2)咨询系统支持的社会经济信息的输入；3)污染物负荷的计算和汇总；4)河流和支流的水质；5)湖泊和水库的水质；6)检查和纠正的支持功能。系统的开发证明了系统开发理念的有效性，并将成功地扩展到纳洞河流域。较少

The Nakdong River Basin is one of the largest river basin in Korea. The rapid economic growth in the basin, however, brought the shortage of water resources and water pollution in the river. One of the largest project to develop water resources is the construction of a reservoir in the mouth of the Nakdong River. It is clear that the reservoir would supply large amount of water and support rapid growth of various activities in the lower basin. However, little efforts have been made to control quality of river water and reservoir, and it is probable that aquatic ecosystem along the river and reservoir will be damaged.It is urgent need, therefore, to change the system of water use and wastewater discharge not only in the area around the reservoir but also in the upper basin such as Daegu to protect water environment of the reservoir. The purpose of this cooperative study is to develop a computer-aided system for the comprehensive management of aquatic environment based on water use, wast … More ewater management, agricultural and industrial activities in the Nakdong River basin.Sampling stations are selected to cover the whole range of basin area of the Nakdong River. Sampling were carried out times per year. The maximum flow rate in Waegwan was 99.71m3/sec in August and the minimum was 39.22m3/sec in April. In Hyeunpung, flow rate ranged from 134.05 (Jun) to 61.41 (April)m3/sec, while it was 609.26m3/sec in October and 49.53m3/sec in Jun in Namji. The distribution of BOD5 in the river of Nakdong and Kumho was 1.6-37.9 and 0.9-74.4mg/l, respectively. The BOD5 at Hyeunpung ranged from 14.8(Dec.) to 37.9(Apr.) mg/l, indicating that the water quality at Hyeunpung is significantly influenced by the heavily polluted Kumho river. The ranges of major nutrient concentrations in the Nakdong river upper stream were 1.9-22.6mg/l for TKN, 0.8-21.9mg/l for NH3-N, 2.2-32.9mg/l for DT-N, 0.037-0.10mg/l for PO4-P and 0.52-1.2mg/l for DT-P. The nutrient concentrations in the Kumho river were 0.062-0.8mg/l for NH3-N and 0.007-0.56mg/l for PO4-P.The highest value of BOD5 among the in the lower stream was 55.2mg/l at sampling station MN-11. The calculated mean value of BOD concentration was 7.3mg/l. The concentration of ortho-phosphate (PO4-P) ranged from 0.03 to 0.25mg/l and its mean value was 0.089mg/l (Fig.5). NH4-N concentration was in the range of 0.09 and 3.28mg/l and its mean value was 1.37mg/l.Trihalomethanes Formation Potential (THMFP) was 176.3ug/l at the station K5. Sewage treatment plant seemed to discharge a large amount of precursor in their wastewater to public water bodies. A strong correlation between the TOC and THMFP was noted. In Naedang water purification plant, raw water is taken from the Nakdong River. In Achang water purification plant, raw water is taken from the Gachang dam, which is located upper basin of the Nakdong River. It was found that THM were formed during prechlorination rapidly, and increase in water distribution system.The characterization and distribution of dissolved stream humic substances (HA plus FA) in the Nakdong River was studied. The concentration of the humic substances in waters of the river varied considerably with locality, ranging from 91.8mg/3l in water from Kangchang to 4.3mg/3l in water from Samnangjin. The amount of the stream HA was markedly higher in the Kangchang water than in the Hyunpung water and in the Samnangjin water. Most of the stream humic substances, especially of the stream HA, found in the Kangchang water should have originated from these external sources.Per capita or unit areal loading for domestic water, livestock, and farm land and forest were summarized from published information. Also, unit loading of industrial wastewater per employee and production were summarized. An easy of access software to help water authorities for setting basin-wide comprehensive management program on water quality control was developed.. The system enables to estimate pollution loads from the basin including both point and non-point sources and to predict quality of the water bodies based on the present load and expected loads after alternative management plans are implemented. The major functions incorporated into the system to fulfill the system performance are as follows ;1) Definition of geological and administrative mapping of pollution sources,2) Inputs of socioeconomic information supported by an advisory system,3) Calculation and summation of pollutant loads,4) Water quality in rivers and tributaries,5) Water quality in lakes and reservoirs, and6) Supporting functions for check and correction.The system developed proved the effectiveness of the concept of system development and will be expanded to the Nak-Dong River Basin successfully. Less