Population Genetic Study on Ethnic Minorities in North-eastern China.

本研究对中国东北、鄂温基、鄂伦春和达斡尔三个少数民族的血液遗传标记进行了检测，以证明这些少数民族与其他中国人口以及日本人之间的遗传关系。1990年在内蒙古和黑龙江省进行了普查。1991年进行了以采血为主的调查，采集了鄂温基人117份、鄂伦春人81份、达斡尔人150份血样，并进行了10种血型、8种红细胞酶和4种血清蛋白等血液遗传标志物的检测。3个样本均有明显的高加索人（可能是俄罗斯人）基因流动的证据：在鄂温基地区低频率发现2个高加索人特异性基因，即Kell血型的K基因和乌伦春和达斡尔地区腺苷酸激酶的AK^*2基因。第二个兴趣点是血清蛋白Gc系统中一个相对罕见的变异基因Gc 1A2的出现。这种基因最早是在日本发现的，被称为Gc Japan。据了解，在韩国发生过，但就中国中部和南部人口而言，没有发生过。在本研究中，该基因在Ulunchun和Daur样本中被发现，其频率与日本人相当。因此，该基因起源于东北亚，并通过移民引入日本。根据获得的基因频率，进行遗传距离和聚类分析。结果显示，朝鲜语与日语（瓦津语）最接近，其次是达斡尔语和蒙古语。鄂温基和郁伦春属于同一个集群，但与日本的阿伊努和冲绳相隔较远。

This study deals with the examination of genetic markers in blood among three ethnic minority groups-of north-eastern China, Evenki, Ulunchun and Daur, in order to demonstrate the genetic relationship among these with, other Chinese populations, as well as with Japanese. A general survey was carried out in 1990 in Inner Mongolia and Heilongjiang Province. The main survey including blood collection was carried out in 1991.117 blood samples of Evenki, 81 of Ulunchun and 150 of Daur were collected and examinations of blood genetic markers such as 10 blood groups, 8 red cell enzymes and 4 serum proteins were carried out. Evidence of gene flow from Caucasoid (probably Russian) populations was apparent in all the three samples : two Caucasian specific genes were discovered at low frequency, namely, K gene of Kell blood group in Evenki, and AK^*2 of adenylate kinase in Ulunchun and Daur. The second poi nt of interest was the occurrence of a relatively rare variant gene Gc 1A2 of serum protein Gc system. This gene was first discovered in Japanese and called Gc Japan. It was known to occur in Korea but not in China so far as central and south Chinese populations, are concerned. In the present study, this gene was found in Ulunchun and Daur samples at the frequency comparable to that in Japanese. So, it is suggested that this gene originates in north-eastern Asia and was introduced to Japan by migration. Based on the gene frequencies obtained, a genetic distance and cluster analyses were conducted. The results show that Korean has the closest affinity to Japanese (Wajin), and then Daur and Mongol come next. Evenki and Ulunchun belong to the same cluster, but relatively far apart from Japanese including Ainu and Okinawan.