Ethnological Studies on Environmental Exploitation in Mountains - The Nepal Himalays and the Central Andes Compared-

目的与方法首先，研究尼泊尔喜马拉雅地区的资源开发模式。为此，今年2月在卡成章嘎地区和3月在朗塘河谷分别进行了实地工作。第二，对尼泊尔喜马拉雅山脉和安第斯山脉中部的环境开发模式进行比较。这项研究的结果与我们在安第斯山脉中部几年的实地调查数据进行了对比分析。结果根据我们在尼泊尔喜马拉雅山脉和安第斯山脉中部的观测，我们的发现主要有以下几点：最近对阿尔卑斯山脉、喜马拉雅山脉和安第斯山脉等不同地区山区人口的比较研究表明，它们在生态适应方面存在相似之处。然而，我们发现尼泊尔喜马拉雅山脉与中部安第斯山脉之间的开发系统存在一些差异。最显著的区别之一是，安第斯山脉的农民村庄经济围绕着多个生产区的开发，而尼泊尔喜马拉雅地区的大多数村庄专门从事有限生产区内的少数活动。与此同时，在尼泊尔喜马拉雅山脉和安第斯山脉中部，观察到与燃料木材清除问题有关的土地使用加剧。据认为，这种土地使用的集约化产生了许多严重后果，例如砍伐森林、侵蚀、洪水、山崩等。由于小农或农民主要集中在偏远的高山地区，他们在购买烹饪燃料和食品加工方面遇到困难。对山区环境开发进行更深入和比较的研究将有助于进一步阐明这一问题。

Objectives and MethodsFirst, to study the exploitation pattern in the Nepal Himalayas. In order to do this, field work was carried out in the Kachenjunga area this Februrary and in Langtang valley in March, resepectively. Second, to make a comparison of the environmental exploitation pattern between the Nepal Himalays and the Central Andes. Findings of this research were analyazed in comparison with the data of our several years fieldwork in the central Andes.RESULTSAccording to our observations both in the Nepal Himalayas and in the Central Andes, main points of our findings are as follows. Recent comparative studies of mountain populations in such diverse areas of the world as the Alps, Himalayas, and Andes have demonstrated parallels in ecological adaptaions. However, we found several differences of the exploitation system between the Nepal Himalayas and the Central Andes. One of the most notable differences is that Andean peasant village economies revolve around the exploitation of multiple production zones, whereas most of the Nepal Himalayan villages specialize in few acivitities within a limited production zone.At the same time, both in the Nepal Himalayas and the Central Andes, intensification of land use associated with the problem of fuel wood removal was observed. It is considered that this intensification of land use has had many dramatic consequences, such as deforestation, erosion, floods, lamdslides, etc. Since small farmers or peasants are concentrated mainly in isolated and high mountainous regions, they are struggling with the procurement of cooking fuel and food processing. More intensive and comparative studies on environmental exploitation in mountains will shed more light on this subject.