Changes in the environment and civilization in Turkey, Syria

从湖泊和沼泽采集的土壤样品的孢粉、硅藻和地球化学分析以及放射性碳测年的结果，澄清了土耳其和叙利亚环境和文明史上的以下新事实：1)土耳其和叙利亚冰期由藜科和蒿属组成的巨大台阶扩大；2)冰期湖面，如图兹湖，比现在高出20多米；3)在这种广袤的草地上开始种植植物。4)10000年后，以栎属和雪松为主的森林扩大，表明气候改善。湖泊沉积物中的氮和有机碳含量也有所增加。5)距今8000年前，叙利亚西北部盖尔河谷开始种植橄榄。这种种植橄榄的证据是世界上最古老的记录。一次重大的气候变化发生在公元前5000年。与旧约时期的诺亚相比，寒冷潮湿的气候造成了大洪水。7)叙利亚西北部山区的黎巴嫩雪松直到公元前4000年才完全被清除。8)在公元前3200年，发生了第二次重大气候变化。9)森林破坏加速的土壤侵蚀和退化也是土耳其和叙利亚古代文明衰落的主要因素。10)米莱托斯和普利内等古代港口被冲积沉积物填满，港口因比尤库河改道而废弃。11)可以清楚地看到，土耳其和叙利亚古代文明的兴衰受到气候变化等环境变化的影响，土耳其和叙利亚的自然环境，特别是森林，因土耳其和叙利亚文明的发展而受到严重破坏。

The results of pollen, diatom and geochemical analyses and radiocarbon dating of the soil samples taken from the lakes and marshes cleared the following new facts in the history of environment and civilizations in Turkey and Syria.1)The vast step composed of Chenopodiaceae and Artemisia expanded during the glacial period in Turkey and Syria.2)The lake level such as Lake Tuz during the glacial period was more than 20m higher than that of the present.3)The plant cultivation started in such kind of extensive grass land.4)The forest mainly composed of Quercus and Cedrus expanded after 10,000 years BP, indicating the climatic amelioration. The nitrogen and organic carbon contents in the lake deposit also increased.5)The olive cultivation began at 8000 years BP in the Ghave valley, northwest Syria. This evidence of the olive cultivation is the oldest record in the world.6)A major climatic change occurred at 5000 years BP. Cold and wet climate caused the big flood compared with Noah in the Old Testament.7)Lebanon cedar in the mountain of the northwest Syria was completely cleared until 4000 years BP.8)There was second major climatic changes at 3200 years BP. This climatic change gave the fatal blow to the decline of the Hittite Empire in Turkey.9)The soil erosion and deterioration which were accelerated by the forest destruction were also major factors of the decline of ancient civilizations in Turkey and Syria.10)The ancient harbors such as Miletos and Pliene were filled up by the alluvial deposits and the harbors were abandoned by the shift of river course of the Biyuku Menderes.11)It is cleared that rise and fall of the ancient civilizations in Turkey and Syria were suffered by the environmental changes such as climate changes and the natural environment, especially the forest, was severely destructed by the development of civilizations in Turkey and Syria.