Teacher's Acquisition of Characteristics, Career Stage and Life-long Education System.

1992年在华盛顿大学、圣地亚哥州立大学、范德比尔特大学、俄亥俄州立大学、南卡罗来纳州哥伦比亚大学和美国教师教育学院协会对美国大学的在职教师教育进行了调查。在美国，继续教育制度对应于奖励加薪、行政职位和再认证。因此，大多数教师在1980年前通过兼职制度获得硕士学位。威斯康星大学的教育外展和受这些趋势支持的Eau Clair学区的个人在职计划。另一方面，大学在日本的在职教育中发挥的作用很小，尽管个别教师作为教育委员会顾问小组的成员，教师包括教师组织负责自己的专业发展。在这些年里，很少有教师攻读高级学位…更多的是S。如今，大多数在职培训项目侧重于专业培训，而不是更广泛的主题或学科教育。大多数美国大学除了博士学位外，还有EDD体系。EDD制度最早是由哈佛大学教育研究生院于1920年S提出的，当时亨利·W·霍姆斯担任院长。他认为，对教师的培训是国家建立的一个非常重要的部分，有必要对教师在国家生活中的地位有一个更严肃的概念。在该项目访问的大多数大学中，博士研究的主题都与教师制度和/或学校教育管理有关。课程发展理论是课程发展理论的代表领域之一。几位科学教师试图在俄亥俄州立大学的博士课程中开发综合科学的新课程，并与1989年由美国科学促进会主办的由大学教员和K-12年级学校教师组成的研究小组进行了密集讨论后提出的“全民科学”一起提出。通过这些研究，学校教育学或Schulpadagogik已经成为实践领域中的一门教育科学学科。最后，明确了大学在教师在职教育中的作用不同于学校董事会或教师中心在教育和/或培训领域的作用。在支持教师持续专业成长方面，大学和教育委员会的角色也有不同的需要。迫切要求建立一个全面的继续教育制度，使这两个机构的作用相互密切联系。较少

Inservice Teacher Education of the U.S. universities were investigated in University of Washington, San Diego State University, Vanderbilt University, Ohio State University and in Columbia University of South Carolina and in the American Association for Colleges of Teacher Education in 1992.In the U.S. the system of continuing education corresponds to reward salary increments, administrative positions and recertification. Majority of teachers therefore, received Master's degree by part time system prior to 1980. Educational Outreach in the University of Wisconsin and Personal Inservice Plan of the Eau Clair School Districts supported by these trends. On the other hand, universities played little role for the inservice education in Japan, although individual faculty is contributed as a member of advisory group in educational boards, and teachers including teacher organizations took responsibility for their own professional development. In these years few teachers pursued advanced degree … More s. Most inservice programs focused on professional training rather than broader topics or disciplinary education in these days.Most U.S. universities has system of EdD beside the PhD. The system of EdD was first proposed in Harvard Graduate School of Education in 1920's, when Henry W. Holmes was dean. He argued that the training of teacher was a highly significant part of the making of the nation, and that a more serious conception of the place of the teacher in the life of the nation was necessary. In most universities visited by this project, topics of Doctoral researches are related to teacher's systems and/or administration of school education. One of the characteristic field is represented by curriculum development theory. Several science teachers attempted to develop a new curriculum of integrated science in Doctor Course of Ohio State University along with "Science for All American", which was proposed in 1989 after intensive discussion of research groups sponsored by American Association of Advancement of Science, consisting of faculties of universities as well as teachers of K-12 grades of schools. Through these researches the school education or Schulpadagogik has been established as a discipline of educational science in practical fields.Finally, role of university in inservice education of teachers are clarified to be different from that of school boards or teacher centers in the field of education and/or training. There are also different needs in role of university and educational boards to support the continued professional growth of teachers. It is urgently requested to establish a total system of continuing education in which roles of the two agencies are intimately articulated with each other. Less