Layer deposition system for perovskite solar cells (Partial financing)

Goldschmidt教授的太阳能转换物理学小组对太阳能电池的基本物理过程进行研究。这些发现被用来推导概念上新的太阳能电池结构，并推进现有的概念。在这里，钙钛矿，特别是有机-无机金属卤化物钙钛矿的材料类别是非常有吸引力的。与其他半导体技术相比，高吸收率允许薄层几乎完全吸收太阳光，并且对晶体缺陷的耐受性允许使用简单的工艺。然而，一些挑战阻碍了钙钛矿在光伏领域的广泛应用：必须保证稳定性超过25年，并且必须使用即使在太瓦级光伏行业也足够可用的材料和工艺实现高效率，并且不会产生其他环境问题（例如毒性）。为了应对这些挑战，深入了解钙钛矿内部和太阳能电池界面处的物理过程是必不可少的先决条件。这里应用的薄膜沉积系统旨在以高度的再现性在受控条件下生产钙钛矿太阳能电池，以便能够对其物理特性进行严格的研究。该装置将层沉积的湿化学方法（旋涂和刮涂）与基于真空的蒸发、溅射和原子层沉积（ALD）方法相结合。由于方法的多样性，可以实现不同类型的太阳能电池。特别是，计划生产全钙钛矿串联太阳能电池，其保证特别高的效率，以及具有石墨电极的太阳能电池，其特征在于特别高的稳定性。系统的配置最大限度地减少了不必要的干扰，并允许有效地产生足够数量的样本，以获得良好的统计数据。主要特征是（i）在多个手套箱中工作，每个手套箱具有单独的氮气气氛（ii）在湿化学工艺的位置处的层流功能（iii）溅射室和蒸发室之间的负载锁定和（iv）用于在某些蒸发工艺期间部分覆盖衬底的组合快门。然后，在Goldschörgen AG中对层沉积系统中产生的样品的光电特性进行表征。目前正在为此目的建立一个全面、优良的基础设施。计划在部门内以及国家和国际正在进行和未来的项目中进一步调查光电和结构特性。

The group Physics of Solar Energy Conversion of Prof. Goldschmidt's conducts research into the fundamental physical processes in solar cells. The findings are used to derive conceptually new solar cell structures and advance existing concepts. Here, the material class of perovskites, especially organic-inorganic metal halide perovskites, is very attractive. The high absorptance allows almost complete absorption of sunlight with thin layers and the tolerance to crystal defects enables the use of simple processes compared to other semiconductor technologies. However, several challenges stand in the way of a broad application of perovskites in photovoltaics: Stability must be guaranteed for more than 25 years and high efficiencies must be achieved with materials and processes that are sufficiently available even in a terawatt-scale photovoltaic industry and do not generate other environmental problems (e.g. toxicity). To meet these challenges, a deep understanding of the physical processes within the perovskites and at the interfaces of the solar cell is an indispensable prerequisite. The thin-film deposition system applied for here is intended to produce perovskite solar cells under controlled conditions with a high degree of reproducibility in order to enable a rigorous investigation of their physical properties. The setup combines wet chemical methods of layer deposition (spin coating and blade coating) with the vacuum-based methods of evaporation, sputtering and atomic layer deposition (ALD). Due to the variety of methods, different types of solar cells can be realised. In particular it is planned to produce all-perovskite tandem solar cells, which promise particularly high efficiencies, and solar cells with graphite electrodes, which are characterised by particularly high stability. The configuration of the system minimises unwanted interferences and allows for efficiently producing a sufficient number of samples for good statistics. Key features are (i) working in multiple glove boxes, each with a separate nitrogen atmosphere (ii) laminar flow functionality at the site of the wet chemical processes (iii) load lock between sputtering and evaporation chambers and (iv) a combinatorial shutter for partial coverage of the substrate during certain evaporation processes. The opto-electronic properties of the samples produced in the layer deposition system are then characterised in the Goldschmidt AG. A comprehensive, excellent infrastructure is currently being set up for this purpose. Further investigations of opto-electronic and structural properties are planned within the department and in national and international ongoing and future projects.