A Comparative Study of Production & Labor Systems between Japanese and German Machinery Equipment Industry

1993年，我们对汽车、电子和机床三个机械装配行业的产品开发管理进行了广泛的调查。至于汽车工业，由于其领域非常广泛，分工非常复杂，我们很难理解其产品开发过程的整个特征。但由于国内市场需求的增长，新汽车的开发量越来越大，这种增长带来了开发技术，特别是CAD/CAM软件技术的显著进步，一种借助计算机网络的新型产品开发网络组织应运而生。这个系统从上到下，从汽车制造商到支持开发过程的分包商，牢牢地整合了整个领域;我们将这个系统视为“产品开发网络”， 关于我们 研究了它在提高开发效率中的作用及其演变趋势。与汽车工业相比，这种进化在电子和机床工业中表现得不那么明显;然而，无论产品种类如何，我们都可以识别出类似进化的某种特征。在汽车和电子行业的“产品开发网络”中，需要注意的具体特点是：总装厂的产品开发已经多样化，对效率的要求越来越高;零部件供应商的开发组织和功能已经强化;越来越多的支持活动，如原型准备的模具制造转移到分包商。根据我们的采访，这种分散式的产品开发系统加快了开发过程中的沟通和合作，丰富了其内容。“泡沫”经济的破裂适度地偏离了这一新的趋势，缩小了重组;但是，基本轮廓预计将转移到下一代的产品开发活动。少

In 1993, our survey concerning product development management has been carried on extensively in three machinery assembly industries, namely automobile, electronics and machine tool. As for the automobile industry, we've come across some difficulties to perceive the entire feature of its product development process because its sphere is very extensive and that the division of labor is very complex there. But due to the growth of demands from domestic market, more and more new cars have been developed and this growing volume of development has brought about striking advancement of development technology, especially software technique for CAD/CAM.Consequently, a new style network organization of product development has emerged and developed by virtue of computer network. This system integrates firmly the whole sphere from the top, namely car makers, to the bottom, namely subcontractors supporting the development process ; we perceived this system as "product development network", and we … More studied its role to play in raising up the efficiency of the development and the tendency of its evolution. This evolution has been detected less evidently in electronics and machine tool industries in comparison with automobile industry ; we could identify, however, a certain trait of similar evolution wherever products were various. In "product development network" of automobile and electronics industries, specific traits to notice are as follows : product development of final assemblers has been diversified and more and more efficiency is required for it ; development organization and functions of component suppliers have been intensified ; more and more supporting activities such as die & mold manufacturing of prototype preparation are transferred to subcontractors. According to the interviews we had, this decentralized type of product development system accelerated communication and corporation in development process and enriched its contents. The burst of "bubble" economy deviated moderately this new tendency to shrinking reorganization ; the basic outline, however, is expected to be transferred to product development activities of the coming generation. Less