A Positive Study on the Management System of Mountainous and Semi-Mountainous Rural Area and the Use of Regional Resources

在这些联合研究中，我们提出了当前维护农村的三个重要观点；“生产”、“生活”、“环境”。在我们的调查中，我们主要是在中国中部地区的半山区农村（Chu-sankan-chiiki），我们指出和讨论了一些问题，并试图为这些人口减少的农村地区提供新的政策。总结如下：(1)农林生产载体的变化：过去的农林生产单一化经营已经难以维持。公司或公共组织的管理方式取代了这种管理方式，变得重要起来，并且是新的需要。农业合作社（JA）或第三部门（民间企业和公共机关的联合企业）是最有可能实现新时代农林生产的体制。值得注意的是，具有新管理风格的个人管理人员正在更加积极地运作。(2)区域资源的新利用和自发开发：从外部资本大规模开发的重新思考出发，考虑到区域资源的现代利用的重要性，包括那些在现行制度中未被利用的资源，以及它们在大多数农村地区的自发开发。事实上，各个层次的团体通过使用有机农产品或传统商品如木炭和其他木制品，与城市消费者和城市居民合作，稳步行动。(3)生产-社区活动与自然环境维护的关系：认识到不仅农业和林业生产，而且社区系统或其生活的日常维护活动对维护农村自然环境、和谐景观和乡土传统文化具有重要作用。通过流域合作、特殊的水资源培育或土地保护功能，不仅为农村人民所认可，也为城市居民所认可。(4)综合政策的必要性：农村的生产和生活不再由农业和林业组成。目前，它们的产业体系和收入结构已经非常全面。由于他们对生活条件（基础设施、交通、健康和医疗福利等）的需求更高了一步，因此需要比城市地区更全面的政策。在政府方面，要把半山腰农村准确地置于国家土地总体规划中，明确农林业的各种作用。少

In these joint study, we set three significant points of view to maintain rural area at present ; "Production", "Life" and "Environment". In our survey, in which fields were mainly Semi-Mountainous Rural Area (Chu-sankan-chiiki) in the Chugoku district, we have pointed and discussed some problems and tried to offer new policies for such depopulated rural areas. The summary is as follows :(1) Changes of the Carriers of Agriculture and Forestry Production : The Individual management of agriculture and forestry production as it used to be, have become difficult to maintain. Instead of such management styles, corporation or public-organization style became important and are newly required. Agricultural cooperative (JA) or the Third Sector (joint corporation by private enterprises and public organizations) are the most likely systems to carry out new age agriculture and forestry production. And remarkably, the individual managements who have the new sense of style in managing are operating … More very actively.(2) New Use of Regional Resources and Spontaneous Development : From the reconsideration of the large scale development by external capitals, they consider the importance of the modern use of regional resources, which include those not used in present systems, and their spontaneous development in most rural areas. In fact, the groups in various levels are acting steadly in cooporation with the city consumers and city residents through the use of organic agricultural products or traditional commodities like charcoal and other wooden products.(3) Relations of Production-Community Activity and Maintainance of Natural Environment : It will be recognized that not only agriculture and forestry production but also the daily maintainance activities for community systems or their life have big role in maintaining the natural environment, harmonized landscape and native traditional culture in the rural area. That is recognized not only by the people in the rural area but also city residents through the water basin cooporation, specialy water resource cultivation or land protection functions.(4) Necessity of the Comprehensive Policies : Production and life in rural areas are no longer composed of agriculture and forestry. In present times, their industry systems and income structures became very comprehensive. As their needs for life conditions (infrastructure, transpotation, health and medical welfare, etc.) become one step higher, the comprehensive policies are required, even more than in urban areas. In the government side, it is necessary to place the Semi-Mountaionous Rural Area (Chu-sankan-chiiki) exactly in the national lands' grand plan and to be obvious the various roles of agriculture and forestry. Less