Individual Difference in Adaptative Strategies of Cattle under Unsutiable Rearing Conditions

刻板印象作为动物福利水平的指标之一进行了研究。人工饲养的日本黑犊牛在10天大的时候就开始玩舌戏，并在断奶后很快就开始玩舌戏。此外，在150天大的时候，它们的摄食行为加快了，它们的表现也有所提高。哺乳和喂养行为的抑制被认为是包容性舌游戏的原因。在提供假奶头、饲喂捷径干草和住房制度（单个和群体）对包容性舌头游戏的影响研究中发现，个体和社会调查行为、吮吸行为和喂养行为完全影响舌头游戏的表现。哺乳时间较长且乳头较小的犊牛在哺乳前血浆皮质醇水平的升高明显低于正常哺乳犊牛。很明显，抑制哺乳对小牛来说是有压力的…更多s.普通的哺乳小牛，其哺乳时间受到限制，表现出更多的包容性舌头游戏。包容性舌玩从饱食到限食粗饲料增加，反之减少，说明粗饲料限食是包容性舌玩的原因之一。比较了日本黑人、荷尔斯坦人和他们的混血儿玩舌头的时间预算。只有两名前学生玩了舌头游戏。他们的包容性舌头游戏的时间预算在个人之间差异很大，分为长和短两种类型。在普通饲养条件下，体长的鸡调查得多，产仔少；在新环境下，体长的鸡比体短的鸡更早进入环境，调查得多。长时间的表演者被认为是积极和积极的特征。当他们对奇怪的噪音感到惊讶时，他们的心脏反应会迅速加速，然后急剧抑制，这意味着他们可能比交感神经更优越。研究人员调查了舌头游戏之前、期间和之后的死亡率。产舌期间哈特率显著下降。一些小牛在玩舌头游戏后的死亡率仍然很低。由于这种死亡率的下降水平对人类来说是有意义的，因此有人认为，在小牛身上玩舌头可能有镇静作用。少

Stereotypies as one of indicators of animal welfare levels were studied. Artificially reared Japanese Black calves started to performpara-tongue-playing at 10 days old and performed much para-tongue-playing and started to perform tongue-playing soon after weaning. In addition, they performed much again at 150 days old, when their feeding behavior is accelerated. Suppression of suckling and feeding behaviors are suggested as causal factors of inclusive tongue-playing. In vestigation in the effects of offering a dummy teat, feeding of short cut hay and housing system (single and group) on inclusive tongue-playing showed that individual and social investigating behavior, sucking behavior and feeding behavior could totally influence performance. Calves who suckled for a longer time from a nipple with small, were suppressed significantly their accelerated plasma coritisol level soon before suckling than ordinary suckled calves. It is clear that suppression of suckling is stressful for calve … More s. Ordinary suckled calves whose suckling times were restricted, performed much inclusive tongue playing. Inclusive tongue-playing increased from full to restrict feedings of roughage and decreased vice versa, which means that restriction of roughage feeding is one of causal factors of inclusive tongue-playing. Time budgets of tongue-playing were compared among Japanese Blacks, Holsteins and their crossbreds. Only the 2 formers performed tongue-playing. Time budgets of their inclusive tongue-playing differed largely among individuals and classified 2 types, long and short. Under ordinary rearing condition, longer performers investigated much and lay less, and under the novel environment they entered its environment earlier and investigated more than shorter performers. Longer performers are thought as active and positive characteristic. When they were surprised by curious noise, their cardiac responses were accelerated and suppressed drastically after that quickly, which means that they may be superior of the sympathetic nerve. Hart rates before, during and after tongue-playing were investigated. Hart rates decreased significantly during tongue-laying. Hart rates after tongue-pplaying were still low in some calves. As this decrease level of hart rates is meaningful in human, it is suggested that tongue-playing in calves may have the calming effect. Less