An Ethnographic Study on Cultural Production

日本戏剧界的转型可以概括为五大趋势：商业化、制度化、统一化、清算化、职业化。商业化意味着现代剧场市场结构的转型。制度化包括这样一个过程，即通过增加来自国家和私人来源的财政支持，戏剧越来越被承认为一种合法的贵族流派。剩下的三个趋势显示了剧场世界本身的变化，与环境的变化相对应。统一意味着保罗·迪马乔所说的组织领域的结构化，这是由于国家的存在增加而产生的。清算意味着剧团凝聚力的削弱，而剧团一直是日本戏剧生产的基本单位。这些大趋势导致了职业化，即专业协会而不是戏剧公司的发展。从这项研究中可以得出的一个预测是，当这些大趋势导致四个部门--即学术、非营利性、亚文化和商业--的富有成效的分工时，我们可以在日本拥有真正富有成效的戏剧世界。

The transformation of the theater world in Japan can be characterized by five general trends : commercialization, institutionalization, unification, liquidation, professionalization. Commercialization means the tranformation of the market structure of the modern theater. Institutionalization included the process by which theater is increasingly recognized as a legitimate aritistic genre through the increase in the financial support from the state and private sources. The remaining three trends show the transformation of the theater world per se, corresponding to the changes in the environments. Unification means what Paul DiMaggio called structuration of organizational fields arising from the increase in the presence of the state. Liquidation means the weakening of the cohesiveness of the theatrical companies, which have been the basic unit of theatrical production in Japan. These general trends has led to the professionalization, namely development of the professional associations instead of theatrical companies. One of the predictions which can be derived from this study is that when these general trends lead to a fruitful division of labor among four segments-i.e, academic, nonprofit, subcultural, and commercial-we can have truly productive theater world in Japan.