International Conflict of State Jurisdiction and Mutilateral System of Cordination

公司和专业人员的全球经济活动受国家立法的国内规则和国际法的管制。一方面，国际贸易的许多方面现在都由世贸组织/关贸总协定体系管理。另一方面，出口管制或反垄断相关领域等重要领域仍由许多国家的国内规则来规范。国内管制的一个显著例子是域外适用贸易和反托拉斯法。美国在这方面的做法多次受到批评，最近的一个例子是它对古巴的出口管制立法，传统上被认为在多边协定意义上的国际法范围之外的一个领域是包括外国公司在内的外国国民的经济活动。外国国民在一国境内的各种经济权利往往是双边友谊、商业和航海条约的范围。关于投资的规则，即多边投资协定，目前正在经合发组织之下谈判，如上文所述，国际经济活动的任何方面，凡被视为属于一国内部和往往是专属管辖权的，都属于国际法规则的管辖范围。长期以来对国际经济组织持怀疑态度的美国国会终于批准了WTO，并通过了旨在保护国会权力的保障性立法，这一事实表明了通过国际协议对国家管辖权进行国际协调的趋势。

Global economic activities of corporations and professionals are regulated both by domestic rules of national legislation and international law. On the one hand, vast aspects of international trade are now regulated by the WTO/GATT system. On the other, important fields like export control or related field of anti-trust are still regulated by domestic rules in many countries. One notable example of the domestic regulation is by way of extraterritorial application of trade and antitrust-laws. The United States practice in this respect has been criticized on many occations, the most recent of example is its export control legislation against Cuba.One field which has traditionally been deemed outside the reach of international law in the sense of multilateral agreement is economic activities of foreign nationals including foreign corporations. The various economic rights of foreign nationals within one state have often been the scope of bilateral friendship, commerce and navigation treaties. Rules with respect to investment, i.e.Multilateral Agreement on Investment (MAI), are now being negotiated under the OECD.As suggested above, any aspects of international economic activities which were regarded as under the internal and often exclusive jurisdiction of a state has come under the rule of international law. The fact that the United States Congress, a longtime skeptic of international economic organizations, at last gave its approval to the WTO,with some safeguard legislation intended for the protection of congressional power, shows the trend toward the international coordination of national jurisdictions by international agreement.