The Awaking of Ethnic Consciousness in European Periphery

在过去十年中，伴随着东欧的激进政治变革和苏联的解体，我们看到了这些民族中各种形式的民族觉醒和民族意识的重组。本研究旨在调查这些变化的持续进程，特别是与东欧民族间冲突和运动的持续进程有关，这些冲突和运动在东欧达到了第二次世界大战以来从未有过的程度。资料来源主要是通过与人们面对面的访谈收集的，以便了解他们的种族意识的多方面和动态方面。在俄罗斯、乌克兰、爱沙尼亚、立陶宛和加拿大进行的访谈对象分为三组：1)目标民族的不同社会和年龄组；2)边缘群体和与不同民族有密切接触的人；3)长期与主要群体隔离的移民或流亡者。此外，数据还收集了…更多的是来自邻近民族对目标民族的态度。根据数据，到目前为止，得出了以下临时结论。事实证明，在我们的研究中，每个人的种族意识都比我们预期的更不一致和多样化，因为在许多情况下，流行的概括似乎与现实不符。不同社会、不同年龄段的民族意识在范围和内容上都表现出多样性。特别是，与邻近民族密切接触的民族的民族意识与国家的中央和统治部分的民族意识表现出相当大的距离。例如，许多人对俄罗斯人的态度就是这样。还需要指出的是，这些国家的民族运动以前受到反苏联主义和寻求独立动机的强烈影响，现在在某些方面发生了变化。这些国家从经济和政治的混乱状态逐渐过渡到权力平衡的状态，显然伴随着人民的民族意识的变化。基于生存危机和与他人竞争的激进民族意识逐渐被当下更现实的民族意识所取代。然而，移民和流亡者的民族意识受到母国与当前东道国之间的政治关系以及东道国对他们的少数民族政策的强烈影响。较少

Alongside the radical political change in the Eastern Europe and the dissolution of the Soviet Union during the last decade, we have seen various forms of ethnic awaking and the reorganization of ethnic consciousness among these peoples. The present study has aimed to investigate the on-going process of these changes, particularly in relation to the etho-national conflicts and movements raging in such a extent in the Eastern Europe as never since the World War II.Sources were collected mainly through face-to-face interviews with people in order to approach the manifold and dynamic aspects of their ethnic consciousness. The objects of interviews, which were carried out in Russia, the Ukraine, Estonia, Lithuania and Canada, fell into three groups : 1) different social and age groups of a target nationality ; 2) peripheral groups and those who are in a close contact with different nationalities and 3) emigrants or exiles segregated long from a main group. In addition, data were also colle … More cted from neighboring nationalities in terms of their attitudes toward a target nationality.On the basis of the data the following interim conclusions have been so far yeilded. The ethnic consciousness of every people under our study has turned out to be far more ununiform and diverse than our expectation that popular generalization in many cases seems inconsistent with the reality. Ethnic consciousness among both different social and age groups reveals diversity in its range and content. In particular, the ethnic consciousness among a people in a close contact with netighbouring peoples has shown a considerable distance from that of the central and ruling portion of a state. The attitude toward the Russian, for example, is such a case with many peoples. It is also to be pointed out that the national movements of these countries that were previously strongly colored by anti-Sovietism and an independence-seeking motivation have now changed in some respects. The gradual transition of these countries from the state of economical and political disorder to that of balance between powers has clearly been followed by the change of the ethnic consciousness of the peoples. The radical ethnic consciousness based on the crisis of existence and rivalry with others has been gradually replaced by the present more realistic one. The ethnic consciousness among emigrants and exiles however, has been strongly influenced by the political relation between their home state and the present host state as wellas by the national minority policy of the latter toward them. Less