Investigation and Development of Environment Conservative and Animal Welfaristic Dairy Farming System

低投入、可持续性、环境保护和动物福利逐渐被认为是未来畜牧业系统的关键词。我们从文献和经验上讨论了未来的奶牛养殖。文献研究表明，以畜牧业为主的山区存在着多方面的缺陷，其中农业在国际上乃至国内都处于劣势。建立农村优势工业是必要的。它必须是一个具有多种功能的多用途产业，如保护环境和景观，教育，舒适，保存当地文化，当地历史事件和场所。对两个奶牛场进行了调查，那里的牧场不施肥，奶牛也不喂精料。一头奶牛的年产量约为4000公斤，其福利水平得到了大幅提高。这些农场的污染下降到德国传统农场的1/2-1/3，日本传统农场的1/12-1/16。在0.8 ha/头的牧区，放牧对产草量的抑制作用较大，仅占奶牛养分投入的18%。平面种向短型倾斜，植物种类增加。多样性指数随数量尺度的变化而降低。此外，放牧地细菌数量减少，微生物区系和土壤动物的多样性水平不代表荒野。严重的低投入制奶牛养殖抑制了植物物种、微生物区系和土壤动物的多样性水平，抑制了草的生产力，造成奶牛长期吃草。提出了低投入与生产力不平衡、环境与景观保护、动物福利等问题。然后，我们研究了一个中等投入系统，奶牛饲喂1.1t/头/年的精料，产量约为6000 kg/年。放牧地杂草盖度低，微区系和土壤动物丰富，具有荒无人烟的特点。少

Low input, sustainability, environment conservation, and animal welfare are gradually acknowledged as keywords for future animal husbandry system. We discussed future dairy farming bibliographically and empirically. Bibliographical research revealed that mountaneous area being dominated by animal husbandry was handicapped of various aspects, in which even agriculture had disadvantage not only internationally but also domestically. It is necessary to establish advantageous rural industry. It must be a multi-propose industry having various functions such as conservation of environment and landscape, education, amenity, and preservation of local culture, local historic events and places.Two dairy farms were investigated, where grazing lands were sustained with no fertilisers and cows were not fed concentrates. A cow produced about 4,000kg /year and its welfare level was improved drastically. Pollution from the farms decreased to 1/2-1/3 of conventional farms in Germany and 1/12-1/16 of co … More nventional farms in Japan. Grass production in grazing lands allocating 0.8 ha/cow was suppressed drastically, which was responsible for only 18% of nutrient input of cows. Plan species were biassed to short types and numbers of plant species increased. However, diversity index with quantitative scales decreased. In addition, numbers of bacteria in grazing lands decreased and a diversity level on micro flora and soil animals did not represent wilderness. Severe low input system of dairy farming suppressed a diversity level of plant species, micro flora and soil animals, suppressed grass productivity, caused cows to graze for a long time. It is suggested of imbalance between low input and productivity, conservation of environment and landscape, animal welfare. Then, we investigated a moderate input system where cows were fed concentrates of 1.1t/head/year and produced about 6,000kg/year. Coverage of weeds in grazing lands was a few percentages and micro flora and soil animals were rich, which represented wilderness. Less